IIS LS PICCOLO CAPO D’ORLANDO ITALY

1. IIS LS PICCOLO CAPO D’ORLANDO ITALY Erasmus Plus CyprusMarch 2017

2. CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM AND BLOOD Competences To relate the efficiency of the circulation with the health Contents The composition and functions of blood Structure and function of arteries, veins, capillary beds The anatomy of the heart, and control phases of the cardiac cycle The cardiovascular anatomy and the movements of the blood The events of the cardiac cycle of systole and diastole phase Pulmonary and systemic circulation GoalsTo describe the function of blood components. To describe the structure and organization of the blood vessels in relation to their respective functions. To understand the role played by the heart in the cardiovascular system To describe the events of the cardiac cycle by explaining how the heart ratearises and spreads To describe the events of the cardiac cycle distinguishing the phase of systole from diastole To describe the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation, indicating the functional relationships between the two circuits To specify the function of the heart valves and the problems resulting from their malfunction

3. Heart • Blood • Blood vessel • Blood flow Cardio-circulatorysystem

4. Transport of nutrients and oxygen to all the organs and tissues • Thermoregulation • Defense (phagocytosis, immunity, repair of wounds) • Transport of hormones in target organs • Transport of catabolites to liver and kidneys for their disposal functions

5. HEART a muscle, structurally striated but functionally smooth called myocardium that works as a pump. BLOOD VESSELS Arteries, veins and capillaries that have the function of bringing the blood into the body. BLOOD specialized connective liquid, red in color, slightly alkaline How itiscomposed

6. It is a red connective tissue, slightly alkaline, fluid formed by a formed part equal to 45% of the total volume. It consists of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets; a fluid part:: plasma, corresponding to 55% of the total volume. In our bodies it circulate 4/5 liters of it, representing 5/7% of the body volume. Blood Composition

7. Erythrocytes (redbloodcells) Leukocytes (whitebloodcells) Formedeelements • Platelets

8. Anucleate cells shaped as a biconcave disk. This gives them a large surface area for gas exchange, and also the ability to pass through the narrowest capillaries. They live about 120 days and contain hemoglobin. They are generated (like all other formed elements) from multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow. Their production is controlled by a hormone, erythropoietin released by the cells of the kidneys in response to a hypoxic condition They are destroyed by the spleen and liver. They serve to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and a part of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Erythrocytesor redbloodcells (4-6 millions /mm3)

9. They perform their function outside the bloodstream. • They have a nucleus and appear colorless • They have defensive functions, with different methods they can attack viruses, bacteria or other foreign bodies, and recognize and neutralize cancer cells. They are distinguished in: • Granulocytes due to the presence of e granules in the cytoplasm visible under the microscope after staining (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) • Monocytes, much larger and equipped with a large core; • Lymphocytes which include T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer. Theyparticipate in specific defenses, and their action involves production of circulating proteins in the blood, called  antibodies. Leukocytes or whitebloodcells(5-7.000/mm3 )

10. Platelets are cell fragments deprived of organelles, but full of enzymes and other substances necessary to start blood clotting when the wall of a blood vessel is damaged. • In addition to platelets clotting involves several proteins present in the blood which are inactive, as fibrinogen. • The fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin which with its filaments forms a network that retains and seals the blood vessels. pLATELETS (400 000/mm3)

11. PLASMA - THE LIQUID FRACTION OF BLOOD It is composed by about 90% of water and contains various substances: dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), ions, glucose, amino acids, lipid hormones, vitamins, proteins and waste products.Plasma can be separated from blood by removing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It is also possible to donate only plasma, through a procedure called plasmapheresis, which consists in withdrawing blood, separating plasma from it and re-infusing red blood cells and platelets to the donor .The plasma is used both for transfusion and as raw materials to obtain plasma-derived products.

12. BLOOD I GIVE , YOU LIVE Itisn’treproducible; Itisessential to life; You can donate it.

13. Arteries, veins and capillaries. • They are designated to carry blood and they are divided in: • Arteries: they carry blood away from the heart; • Veins: they carry blood back to the heart; • Capillaries: they are situated between arteries and veins and form a dense barrier where the blood flows very slowly to facilitate the exchanges with the cells;

14. Arterystructure The arteries have to sustain considerable and intermittent blood pressure (max in systoles and min in diastole) and keep it high to allow the blood to reach the periphery. For this reason they have elastic and strong wall composed by three layers: Tunica intima (‘inner coat’),it is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow; Tunica media (‘middle coat’) formed by several layers of smooth muscle fibers and intercalated by elastic fibers and collagen. This gives the vessel elasticity and contractility; Tunica adventitia (outer coat),is also formed by elastic fibers and collagen., but intercalated by connective tissue. It has mainly a restraining function.

15. Arteryfunctions The arteries lead blood from the heart to the periphery, in centrifugal direction. With the exception of the pulmonary arteries (which carry oxygen low-oxygen blood to the lungs) all arteries carry arterial blood, that is oxygenated. Two arteries are directly linked with the heart:- the aorta, which, together with its ramifications, carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body; - the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

16. Capillaries Situated between the arterioles and venules (ramification of arteries and veins where the blood capillaries are situated). In the capillaries the blood flows becomes slow and constant. The function of the capillaries is to allow the osmotic exchange between the blood and cells through its walls, which consist of a single state of endothelial cells. The arterial blood transfers its oxygen to the tissues and from these it takes the carbon dioxide that is formed as a waste product of their metabolism.

17. Veinstructure Groups of capillaries come together to form venules that converge to form the veins that carry blood in centripetal direction, towards the heart. With the exception of the 4 pulmonary veins (which carry blood rich in oxygen to the heart), the veins carry venous blood rich in carbon dioxide. The veins have thinner walls and less dilatable, that is why the blood tends to accumulate in them. If a vein is cut the blood flows out continuously without jets.

18. Veins The venous return above the supra-diaphragmatic portion through the superior vena cava happens by gravity. Venous return from sub-diaphragm portion, takes place against gravity. No longer having the thrust by the heart in this case the return is facilitated by the compression of the veins due to the contraction of skeletal muscles. When the muscles contract the vessels are compressed and the blood is pushed through them. To prevent the blood turn back, the veins are equipped with special valves shaped as swallow's nest, produced by the endothelium folding. The valves open one way and prevent reflux of blood back. The veins run on the surface, visible under the skin from the typical bluish color.

19. It is a one-sided muscle. It is situated in the thoracic cavity, behind the breastbone, between the lungs, in a space called mediastinum. It lies on the diaphragm and it is enveloped in a membrane, the pericardium. It has a conical form lightly moved on the left of the median axis of the human body, with the base up on the right and the tip down on the left. THE HEART

20. It’s divided in two parts, right and left by a longitudinal septum. The right part never communicates (except before the birth by the Botallo’s duct) with the left part. The venous blood never mixes with arterial blood. The right heart pumps the blood into the pulmonary circulation, the left heart pumps the blood into the systemic circulation. Heartsection

21. The heart, asall the otherorgans, needsoxygen. The heartreceives the oxygen from the coronaries. The cononaries are specializedvessels, whicharise from the aorta, pass on the heartexternalsurface, bringing the bloodrich in oxygen to the myocardium. The fundamentalcoronaryarteries are two: the leftcoronary and the right coronary. CORONARY CIRCULATION

22. The heartisdividedintofourchambers: • 2 atria (right and left) in the upper side • 2 ventricles (right and left) in the lower side • 2 atrioventricularvalves (the tricuspid valve to the right and and the bicuspid or the mitral valve to the left) thatconnect the atria with the ventriclesbelow. • 2 semilunarvalves (pulmonary and aortic) thatconnect the ventricles with efferentvessels. The valvesensurebloodflows in onedirection. Internalanatomy

23. Cardiaccycle Heartworksthrough a rhythmicsuccession of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). Contraction and relaxationmake up the cardiaccyclethatlastsabout 0,8 seconds. An adultheartproducesabout 75 beats per minute thatis 37 miliontimes a year. The movements of the heart are calledpulsations or heartbeats.

24. Blood entersinto the left and right atria, through the thepulmonaryveins and the venaecavae. The atrioventricularvalves (tricuspid and mitral) are open to allow the passage of 75% of the blood to the ventriclesduring the atrial diastole, thatlastsabout 0,4 seconds. The atrialsystolelasts just 0,1 second and itdetermines the complete filling of the ventricles. Atrialsystole

25. The ventriclescontract for about 0,3 seconds. Theircontractionclose the atrioventricularvalves and open the semilunarvalves. The bloodlow in oxygenispumpedinto the lungs, while the oxygenatedbloodflows in allparts of body through the aorta. When the systolephaseends the semilunarvalvesclose in order to preventreversionof blood in the ventricle, thatisalready in diastole. VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

26. In everycardiaccycleheartmakestwosounds. The first, the "lub" is the strongest and the longestone, called S1. Itiscreated by the closing of the atrioventricularvalvesduringventricularcontraction. The secondoneisshorter and clearer, itiscalled "dub" or S2. Itiscreated by the closing of the aortic and lungvalves, characterizing the end of the systole. cardiac TONES (AscultaTION)

27. The heartbeatoriginates on the inside of heartthanks to the presence of a particulartissuecallednodal, located in threedifferentareas. The sinoatrialnodelocated in the right atrium in correspondence of the superior vena cava. The atrioventricularnodelocatedbetween the atria and the ventricles. The bundle of His thatwraps the walls of the ventricles. Altoughthisautonomy, heartis under control of nervoussystem. The heartbeat

28. In the human body the thecirculationisdefinedas double circulation and complete circulation. Double: itconsists in twodifferentcircuitswhichhavedifferentfunctions, depending on theirtasks. They are dividedinto small and big circulation. Complete : because the oxygenatedbloodhas no possibility to mix with the blood full of carbon dioxide. Circulatorysystem

29. Itstarts in the right part of heart, through the pulmonaryartery. The deoxygenatedblood from the right ventriclesarrives to the lungs, whereitisoxygenated and cleaned from carbon dioxide; The oxygenatedbloodcomes back to the left part of heartthorugh the pulmonaryvein. Pulmonarycirculation(heart – lung - heart)

30. Itstarts in the left part of heartthrough the aorta. Itconveysbloodtowardsall body tissues in order to oxigenate, feed and defendthem. Moreoveritcollectswaste. The bloodlow in oxygen and full of carbon dioxide and catabolites, goes back to the right part of the heartthrough the venaecavae Systemiccirculation

32. It was a pleausure sharing this experience with all of you. • Thank you for your hospitality, you made us feel like home • Let’s keep in touch

33. Students Lorenzo Barbagiovanni Deborah Cala’ Scarcione Tiziana Di Nardo Leonardo Licciardello Gaia Passalacqua Rebecca Saitta Valeria Squeo Alessio Torchia Teachers Daniela CalanniFraccono Anita Paparone Headmistress Margherita Giardina

34. Grazie per l’attenzione