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IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11. 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks Bruce Kraemer Chair 802.11 V03. Disclaimer….

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IEEE 802.11

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  1. IEEE 802.11 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks Bruce Kraemer Chair 802.11 V03

  2. Disclaimer… “At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individual rather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE.” IEEE-SA Standards Board Operation Manual (subclause 5.9.3) 2 21-Aug-14

  3. Introduction and Agenda • Presentation • Context • History • Market • Science Challenges • Standard Baseline • Extensions • Further Information • Amendment Project details • References 3 21-Aug-14

  4. Context

  5. IEEE 802 Organization IEEE Standards Association Standards Activities Board Sponsor IEEE 802 Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LMSC) Sponsor Sponsor Sponsor 802.3 CSMA/CD Ethernet 802.5 Token Passing Ring 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks 802.11 Wireless WLAN 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring 802.19 Co-existence TAG 802.21 Media Independent Handoff 802.16 Broadband Wireless Broadband Access 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access IEEE 802.11: ~500 Participants Voting Members ~300 www.ieee802.org/11

  6. History

  7. Activity History Feb 14, 1876: Bell files telephone patent June 1897: Marconi work- “Signaling through Space without Wires” 1970: ALOHAnet operational (Abramson, 9600 baud) 1976: Metcalf & Boggs: “Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching for Local Computer Networks” 1980: Project 802 formed (1 Mbps initially, revised to 20 Mbps 1982) (Feb 1980 , 125+ attendees) 1980: Ethernet Bluebook published (September , Digital. Intel, Xerox) 1981: FCC issues NOI for unlicensed spectrum 1983: First version of 802.3 10Base5 spec completed 1985: FCC opens ISM Band- spread spectrum allowed 1985: First version of 802.3 published (10 Mbps) 1987: Project 802.4L – Wireless Token Bus begins 1989: ISM frequency Bands 900MHz, 2.4GHz and 5GHz allowed 1990: IEEE 802 drops 802.4L starts 802.11 project 1990: 802.3 10BASE-T (802.3i) released 1997: IEEE 802.11 standard approved (2.4GHz – 1Mbps) 1999: Apple IBook introduced with integrated 802.11 (AirPort) 7 21-Aug-14

  8. Activity History 1994: 1st wireless radios - Inventory control 1997: IEEE 802.11 standard approved (2.4GHz – 1Mbps) 1998: UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) Band - 5 GHz 1999: IEEE 802.11 standard achieved ISO/IEC approval 1999: IEEE 802.11a (5GHz – 54Mbps) - approved IEEE 802.11b (2.4GHz- 11Mbps)- approved 1999: Formation of WECA (now Wi-Fi Alliance) 2001: IEEE 802.11d Regulatory Domains - approved 2003: IEEE 802.11g (Higher rate 2.4GHz PHY) – approved IEEE 802.11i (Security) - approved IEEE 802.11h (Spectrum Mgmt) - approved IEEE 802.11f (interaccess point protocol) – approved 2005: IEEE 802.11e (MAC enhancements – QoS) – approved 8 21-Aug-14

  9. Market Acceptance

  10. Market Size and Trends • Market segment diversity continues to increase 1 million Units per day 10 21-Aug-14

  11. Wi-Fi Hotspot Public Access 280K+ hot spots in 132 countries Source: JiWire (2009) 1.2 Billion connects Source: In-Stat 87% of US hotels offer Wi-Fi Source: American Hotel & Lodging Assn

  12. Expanding Uses - Airline Examples Airline Example American Airlines Lufthansa Virgin America Google Aircell GoGo Inflight Internet Smart Grid 12 21-Aug-14

  13. Science Challenge

  14. Air is a Poor Substitute for Wire or Fiber Large Scale fading Attenuation (distance, obstructions) Delay Small scale fading Multipath (Reflections) Doppler Frequency selective fading Shared Regulatory considerations Interference 14 21-Aug-14

  15. Wireless Constraints Shannon-Hartley C= channel capacity (bits/sec) BW= channel bandwidth (Hz) S = Signal N = Noise watts (not dB) C = BW x log2 1+S N Friis path loss 1 GtxGrx c2 Prx = Ptx x s Nf (4pd)2 fc2

  16. Standard Baseline

  17. Basic Service Protocol - Listen Before Talk1Mbps example 1500 Byte User DATA PPDU 1500 Byte User DATA PPDU 12192 ms 12192 ms DIFS (listen) DIFS (listen) 50 ms 50 ms ACK PPDU ACK PPDU SIFS SIFS 10 ms 304 ms 10 ms 304 ms

  18. The 802 LAN Architecture OSI reference model End station End station Application (Higher Layers) (Higher Layers) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Presentation Session LLC sublayer Transport MAC Bridge Network MAC service user Link LLC LLC RELAY MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC serviceprovider MAC sublayer Physical Phy Phy Phy Phy Physical layer LAN LAN Medium

  19. 802.11 Project Scope (cont.)

  20. Standard Extensions

  21. Technology Solutions PHY Multiple Antennas Forward Error coding Modulation Media access MAC Quality of Service Network measurement & Management Security 21 21-Aug-14

  22. Summary of Major PHY Projects A - 20 MHz BW, 5GHz B - 20 MHz BW, 2.4 GHz G - 20 & 40 MHz BW, 2.4 GHz N - 20 & 40 MHz BW, 2.4 & 5GHz AC – 20 to 160 MHz BW, 5GHz AD – 2 GHz BW, 60 GHz AF – TV White Space Spectrum AH – Unlicensed spectrum below 1 Gz

  23. PHY Project Sequence 100 Gbps 10 year yardstick 10 Gbps ad ac 1 Gbps 802.3 milestones n 100 Mbps a g 10 Mbps b 802.11 milestones Original 1 Mbps 100 Kbps 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15

  24. IEEE 802.11 – Key Technical Attributes Specifications for the Physical and MACLayers Backward compatibility with legacy 802.11 standard Maximize spectral efficiency and performance Co-existence with other device sharing the 2.4GHz and 5Ghz frequency bands 802.11 Physical layer Data Rates – Mbps 24 21-Aug-14

  25. Standard Revision Process 802.11-1999 528 pages Amendments • a • b • d • e • g • h • i • j 802.11-2007 1220 pages

  26. Standard Revision Process - underway 802.11-2007 1220 pages Amendments • k (223 p) • n (560 p) D11.0 • p ( 45 p)D11.0 • r (116 p) • y ( 84 p) D11.0 • w (114 p) D10.0 • v (428 p) D16.0 802.11-revision D7.02 2608 pages

  27. Standard Revision Process - underway 802.11-revision D7.02 2608 pages Amendments • u (218 p) D13.0 • s (361 p) D9.0 802.11-2012 ~3000 pages

  28. Standard Revision Process 802.11-2012 ~3000 pages Amendments • aa (126 p) D3.0 • ac (193 p) D0.1 • ad (406 p) D1.1 • ae ( 49 p) D2.0 • af ( 159 p) D1.0 • ah ( ??? p) D1.0 • ai ( ??? p) D1.0 802.11-2016 Publication ~ 4000

  29. 802.11 Architecture Overview • Multiple Over the Air PHY options • One common MAC af ah a b g n ac ad 802.11 MAC

  30. Unlicensed Frequency Bands <700 MHz 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 5 Ghz 60 GHz

  31. a n j y 802.11 b g n Spectrum for current PHY Amendments 6 GHz 5 GHz 4 GHz 3 GHz 2 GHz 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Calendar Time

  32. 100 GHz ad 10 GHz a n j y .1 GHz 1 GHz 802.11 b g n xx Spectrum – Forward Looking 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

  33. Overview of Project Objectives PHY (.11, a, b, g, j, n, ac, ad) • Change data rate options • Change spectrum • Project examples (.11, a, b, g, j, n, y, ac, ad, af, S1G) MAC • Security (i, w) • Measurement and Management (k, v) • Flow control and QoS (e, aa, ae) • Time required to establish connection (p, r, FIA) • Spectral Efficiency • Regulatory behavior (d, h) • Radio node connection topology (s, z) • Connection with other networks (u)

  34. Summary of Major MAC Projects D – Country information E - QoS F – Inter AP communication H – DFS,TPC Spectrum sharing with radars in 5GHz J – Japan spectrum @ 4.9 GHz K – Radio Measurement P – Vehicular Environments R – Fast roaming S – MESH Networking U – Inter-Networking V – Network Management W – Secure Management Frames Z – Tunneled Direct Link AA – Video Transport AE – QoS for Management Frames AI – Fast Initial Link Setup

  35. IEEE 802.11 Standards Pipeline 802.11z TDLS 802.11s Mesh 802.11 -2007 802.11r Fast Roam MAC e QoS 802.11u WIEN 802.11k RRM h DFS & TPC 802.11V Network Management 802.11aa Video Transport 802.11Y Contention Based Protocol i Security 802.11ai FILS f Inter AP Smart Grid 802.11ae QoS Mgmt Frm 802.11p WAVE 802.11mb Revision 802.11 ah a 54 Mbps 5GHz 802.11n High Throughput (>100 Mbps) 802.11af TVWS g 54 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ac VHT 5GHz 802.11W Management Frame Security 802.11b (’99) 11 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ad VHT 60GHz PHY Published Amendment Discussion Topics Study groups WG Letter Ballot Sponsor Ballot TG without draft Published Standard

  36. Further Information

  37. Further Details Follow 802.11z TDLS 802.11s Mesh 802.11 -2007 802.11r Fast Roam MAC e QoS 802.11u WIEN 802.11k RRM h DFS & TPC 802.11V Network Management 802.11aa Video Transport 802.11Y Contention Based Protocol i Security 802.11ai FILS f Inter AP Smart Grid 802.11ae QoS Mgmt Frm 802.11p WAVE 802.11mb Revision 802.11 ah a 54 Mbps 5GHz 802.11n High Throughput (>100 Mbps) 802.11af TVWS g 54 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ac VHT 5GHz 802.11W Management Frame Security 802.11b (’99) 11 Mbps 2.4GHz 802.11ad VHT 60GHz PHY Published Amendment Discussion Topics Study groups WG Letter Ballot Sponsor Ballot TG without draft Published Standard

  38. 802.11n - High Throughput Overall project goals Much higher data rates 20 & 40 MHz channelization 1 to 4 spatial streams 1 stream for Client (Mandatory) 2 stream for Access Point (Mandatory) ½ Guard Interval 56 tones (in 20MHz) 5/6 coding Green Field preamble Block aggregation Maximum PHY throughput of 600Mbps Better Range Beam Steering Status: Published 2009

  39. TGn Throughput

  40. 802.11n - 20MHz Channel Mask New 20MHz spectral mask Same as IEEE 802.11a Mask Modified signal floor at 30MHz From -40dBr to -45dBr

  41. 802.11P Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Defines enhancements to support data exchange between high-speed vehicles and between these vehicles and the roadside infrastructure in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz. Applications planned within the ITS domain (ITS services), including: collision avoidance traveller information toll collection commercial vehicle operations transit operations traffic management connecting the vehicle to the Internet. Status: Published 2010

  42. 802.11s MESH An amendment to create a Wireless Distribution System with automatic topology learning and dynamic wireless path configuration. Target number of packet forwarding nodes: ~32 Support unicast and broadcast/multicast traffic Use 802.11i security or an extension thereof Extensible routing to allow for alternative forwarding path selection metrics and/or protocols Use the 802.11 four-address frame format or an extension Interface with higher layers and connect with other networks using higher layer protocols Status: Produced draft 4.0 – preparing to go to Sponsor Ballot Publication expected fall 2011

  43. Classic 802.11 Wireless LAN BSS = Basic Service Set Wired Infrastructure AP AP AP STA STA STA AP STA STA STA STA STA ESS = Extended Service Set≈ SSID = radio link Wireless Paradox: WLAN Access Points are Typically Wired

  44. Unwire the WLAN with Mesh Wired Infrastructure Mesh AP Mesh AP Mesh Point Mesh AP STA STA STA Mesh AP STA STA STA STA STA ESS = Extended Service Set≈ SSID = mesh radio link

  45. Tgu – Wireless Interworking Background As IEEE 802.11 hotspot deployment has become more widespread throughout the world, several problem areas have emerged with the way in which the hotspot behaves regarding its connection to external networks (e.g. the internet, cellular networks) which could be solved by standardization. As the diversity of hotspots have proliferated, users have started to become frustrated with the non uniformity of interworking systems (e.g. poor service definition, disparate registration procedures, non-ubiquitous roaming). Within the IEEE 802.11 community it was felt that an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard would be in order to address these problem areas. Generically these issues have been referred to as interworking, which refers to the functionality and interface between an IEEE 802.11 access network and any external network.

  46. Tgu – Wireless Interworking Objectives The primary objective of IEEE 802.11u, is to create an amendment to address interworking issues between an IEEE 802.11 access network and any external network to which it is connected. Interworking, is actually a collection of different functionalities: Online Enrolment Network Selection Security Authorization from Subscriber Network Media Independent Handover Support Status: Last Draft balloted was D 13.0 – Published 2011

  47. 802.11V Network Management Explosive growth of 802.11 wireless LANs emphasized the need to Maintain network quality and security Manage the RF environment largely driven by interference from neighbouring wireless networks Secure the network to maintain privacy and prevent unauthorized use. Optimize the Network improve the ability to shape the network Status: Last Draft balloted was D 16.0 – Published Feb 2011

  48. TGv Content – Increased Station Power Saving • Traffic Filtering Service • Enables the AP to filter traffic for the station, and deliver only frames of a specified type. • WNM-Sleep Mode • Provides an additional, extended power save mode. • When used with the Traffic Filtering Service, can provide significant station power savings, and provide a “Wake on WLAN” service. • Flexible Broadcast/Multicast service • Enables multicast frames to be sent at longer delivery intervals and higher data rates, improving performance of multicast applications, and reducing station “awake time” • Proxy ARP • Enables stations to remain in power save mode longer • TIM Broadcast – Enables stations to check for queued traffic without receiving a full Beacon frame.

  49. Example TGv Based Applications “Wake on WLAN” Service– Stations sleep and are “awakened” when specific frames are received Example application: User leaves corporate desktop in “sleep mode”, goes home, uses VPN from home to corporate LAN, wakes up and uses desktop remotely Reduces power consumption of end devices, even stationary ones Improved client power saving Proxy ARP, TIM Broadcast, FBMS, Sleep Mode, Traffic Filtering “Wireless Speakers” – Use Location services timing measurements to support audio synchronization Improved Multicast Performance Network Diagnostic Analysis/Troubleshooting Co-located Interference Reporting, Diagnostic Reporting, Event Reporting, Multicast Diagnostics Reporting

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