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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. Modern Molecular Genetics University of Maryland College Park LFSC 620. Lesson Objectives . DNA structure Nucleotide Nitrogen bases Proteins and Cell structure mRNA tRNA The DNA-Protein connection. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). Structure

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis Modern Molecular Genetics University of Maryland College Park LFSC 620

  2. Lesson Objectives • DNA structure • Nucleotide • Nitrogen bases • Proteins and Cell structure • mRNA • tRNA • The DNA-Protein connection

  3. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) • Structure • Made up of subunits called nucleotides • 2 strands of nucleotides • Nucleotides contain • Deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogen bases • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) • Thymine (T) http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/readmore.html

  4. The Double Helix • Bases are bonded together by a hydrogen bond • Base are complimentary to each other • A-T • C-G http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/582dnadoublehelix.html

  5. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) • There are several types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • There are several differences between RNA and DNA • 1 strand • Ribose sugar • Thymine (T) is replaced by Uracil (U)

  6. Proteins and Cell Functioning • The work of the cell is carried out by many types of molecules called proteins. • Proteins are made up of subunits called Amino Acids. • There are 20 different amino acids that are arranged in specific sequences to form many different proteins.

  7. Amino Acids and proteins • The sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein • The peptide bond that forms between them causes it to fold and bend in a particular shape. • The shape of the protein enables it to carry out its function. • Enzymes- regulate chemical reactions • Hormones-cell communication • Proteins are found in the cell membrane • Channels • Receptors • markers http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/protein.html

  8. The DNA-Protein connection • Proteins are made at the ribosomes according to the directions stored in the cell’s DNA code • Offspring inherit genetic information from their parents which make these proteins • Making many of the same proteins causes both parent and offspring to form same structures that give them similar features. • If the parent’s DNA carries a code for a protein that does not function properly, the children may also make the defective protein

  9. Protein synthesis • Begins in the nucleus (animation) • DNA code of a particular protein is read and used to produce mRNA. • This process is called transcription • The nucleotides are organized in groups of three. • The sequence of bases found in mRNA is called a codon • Each codon codes for a particular amino acid. • Code is determined from the DNA code.

  10. Transcription http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/transcription.gif

  11. mRNA codon-amino acid table http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images/13translation.gif

  12. tRNA • Every three bases are called anticodons • tRNAs job is to pick up and transfer amino acids to the ribosome.

  13. Translation • tRNA molecules carry the amino acids to the ribosome to make the protein. The process of the mRNA codon matching its bases with the tRNA anticodon is called translation. • This process verifies the genetic code for the appropriate protein. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/PAP/PAPg/act1translation.gif

  14. Animated protein synthesis websites • http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302 • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter15/animations.html# • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/

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