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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Introducing Psychology. Why Study Psychology. Physiological (physical) – Having to do with an organism’s physical processes. example – sleep and hunger Cognitive – Having to do with an organisms thinking and understanding. . Overview of Psychology. The Goals of Psychology.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Introducing Psychology

  2. Why Study Psychology • Physiological (physical) – Having to do with an organism’s physical processes. example – sleep and hunger • Cognitive – Having to do with an organisms thinking and understanding.

  3. Overview of Psychology

  4. The Goals of Psychology • Psychology – Scientific study of behavior and mental processes through scientific research. • Description – The first goal for any scientist or psychologist is to describe or gather information about the behavior being studies and to present what is known.

  5. Explanation • Hypothesis – An assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research. • Theory – A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study.

  6. Predictions • The third goal of psychologists is to predict, as a result of accumulated knowledge, what organisms will do and, in the case of humans, what they will think or feel in various situations.

  7. Influence • Basic Science – The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for is own sake. • Applied Science – Discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals.

  8. The Scientific Basis of Psychology • Scientific Method – A general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized.

  9. A Brief History of Psychology Phrenology – The practice of examining bumps on a persons skull to determine that person’s intellect and character traits.

  10. The Origins of Psychology • In the 5th and 6th centuries B.C. the Greek discovered that peoples lives are dominated not so much by Gods but by their own minds.

  11. Historical Approaches • Structuralism – A psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences. • Introspection – A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings.

  12. Functionalism • William James (1842-1910)- Known as the father of psychology. • Functionalist – A psychologist who studies the function of consciousness. • Example – How people and animals adapt to their environment.

  13. Inheritable Traits • Sir Francis Galton wanted to understand how heredity influences a persons abilities, character and behavior.

  14. Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt psychologists studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences.

  15. Psychoanalytic Psychology • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) – believed unconscious motivations and conflicts are responsible for most human behavior. • Psychoanalyst- A psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior.

  16. Behavioral Psychology • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) he stressed investigating observable behavior • Behaviorist – A psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment. • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) introduced the concept of reinforcement.

  17. Humanistic Psychology • Humanists – A psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth.

  18. Cognitive Psychology • Cognitivist – A psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve and use information and how cognitive processes influence our behavior.

  19. Biological Psychology • Psychobiologist – A psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior.

  20. Sociocultural Psychology • Sociocultural Psychologist – considers how our knowledge and ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are dependent on the culture to which we belong.

  21. Psychology As A Profession

  22. What is a Psychologist • Psychologist – A scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals. • Clinical Psychologist – A psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances. • Counseling Psychologist – A psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of living. • Psychiatry- A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders.

  23. Developmental Psychologist – A psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures. • Educational Psychologist – A psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn. • Community Psychologist – A psychologist who may work in a mental health or social welfare agency.

  24. Industrial/Organizational Psychologists – A psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers. • Experimental Psychologist – A psychologist who studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions.

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