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Chapter 19. Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential. 19.1 Potential Energy. 19.1 Potential Energy. 19.1 Potential Energy. 19.2 The Electric Potential Difference. The potential energy per unit charge is called the electric potential.
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Chapter 19 Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential
19.2 The ElectricPotential Difference The potential energy per unit charge is called the electric potential.
19.2 The ElectricPotential Difference DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL The electric potential at a given point is the electric potential energy of a small test charge divided by the charge itself: SI Unit of Electric Potential: joule/coulomb = volt (V)
19.2 The ElectricPotential Difference • Example 1 Work, Potential Energy, and • Electric Potential • The work done by the electric force as the • test charge (+2.0x10-6C) moves from A to • B is +5.0x10-5J. • Find the difference in EPE between these • points. • Determine the potential difference between • these points.
19.2 The ElectricPotential Difference Conceptual Example 2 The Accelerations of Positive and Negative Charges A positive test charge is released from A and accelerates towards B. Upon reaching B, the test charge continues to accelerate toward C. Assuming that only motion along the line is possible, what will a negative test charge do when released from rest at B?
19.2 The ElectricPotential Difference A positive charge accelerates from a region of higher electric potential toward a region of lower electric potential. A negative charge accelerates from a region of lower potential toward a region of higher potential.
19.2 The ElectricPotential Difference We now include electric potential energy EPE as part of the total energy that an object can have: One electron volt is the magnitude of the amount by which the potential energy of an electron changes when the electron moves through a potential difference of one volt.
19.2 The ElectricPotential Difference Example 4 The Conservation of Energy A particle has a mass of 1.8x10-5kg and a charge of +3.0x10-5C. It is released from point A and accelerates horizontally until it reaches point B. The only force acting on the particle is the electric force, and the electric potential at A is 25V greater than at C. (a) What is the speed of the particle at point B? (b) If the same particle had a negative charge and were released from point B, what would be its speed at A?
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges Potential of a point charge
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges Example 5 The Potential of a Point Charge Using a zero reference potential at infinity, determine the amount by which a point charge of 4.0x10-8C alters the electric potential at a spot 1.2m away when the charge is (a) positive and (b) negative.
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges (a) (b)
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges Example 6 The Total Electric Potential At locations A and B, find the total electric potential.
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges Conceptual Example 7 Where is the Potential Zero? Two point charges are fixed in place. The positive charge is +2q and the negative charge is –q. On the line that passes through the charges, how many places are there at which the total potential is zero?
19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field An equipotential surface is a surface on which the electric potential is the same everywhere. The net electric force does no work on a charge as it moves on an equipotential surface.
19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field The electric field created by any charge or group of charges is everywhere perpendicular to the associated equipotential surfaces and points in the direction of decreasing potential.
19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field
19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field
19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field Example 9 The Electric Field and Potential Are Related The plates of the capacitor are separated by a distance of 0.032 m, and the potential difference between them is VB-VA=-64V. Between the two equipotential surfaces shown in color, there is a potential difference of -3.0V. Find the spacing between the two colored surfaces.
19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics A parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates, one carrying charge +q and the other carrying charge –q. It is common to fill the region between the plates with an electrically insulating substance called a dielectric.
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics THE RELATION BETWEEN CHARGE AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE FOR A CAPACITOR The magnitude of the charge in each place of the capacitor is directly proportional to the magnitude of the potential difference between the plates. The capacitance C is the proportionality constant. SI Unit of Capacitance: coulomb/volt = farad (F)
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT If a dielectric is inserted between the plates of a capacitor, the capacitance can increase markedly. Dielectric constant
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics THE CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR Parallel plate capacitor filled with a dielectric
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics Conceptual Example 11 The Effect of a Dielectric When a Capacitor Has a Constant Charge An empty capacitor is connected to a battery and charged up. The capacitor is then disconnected from the battery, and a slab of dielectric material is inserted between the plates. Does the voltage across the plates increase, remain the same, or decrease? q=CV the voltage V across the plates must decrease in order to remain unchanged
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics Example 12 A Computer Keyboard One common kind of computer keyboard is based on the idea of capacitance. Each key is mounted on one end of a plunger, the other end being attached to a movable metal plate. The movable plate and the fixed plate form a capacitor. When the key is pressed, the capacitance increases. The change in capacitance is detected, thereby recognizing the key which has been pressed. The separation between the plates is 5.00 mm, but is reduced to 0.150 mm when a key is pressed. The plate area is 9.50x10-5m2 and the capacitor is filled with a material whose dielectric constant is 3.50. Determine the change in capacitance detected by the computer.
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics ENERGY STORAGE IN A CAPACITOR
19.6 Biomedical Applications of Electrical Potential Differences
19.6 Biomedical Applications of Electrical Potential Differences
19.6 Biomedical Applications of Electrical Potential Differences
19.6 Biomedical Applications of Electrical Potential Differences
19.6 Biomedical Applications of Electrical Potential Differences
19.6 Biomedical Applications of Electrical Potential Differences
