Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

1. Step Up To: PsychologyJohn J. Schulte, Psy.D.&Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

2. Chapter 6: Memory Forgetting: When Retrieval Fails Imperfect Memories: Errors, Distortions, and False Memories Retrieval: Getting Information from Long-Term Memory The Search for the Biological Basis of Memory What is Memory?

3. What is Memory? 500 400 300 200 100

4. Retrieval: Getting Information from Long-Term Memory 500 400 300 200 100

5. Forgetting: When Retrieval Fails 500 400 300 200 100

6. Imperfect Memories: Errors, Distortions, and False Memories 500 400 300 200 100

7. The Search for the Biological Basis of Memory 500 400 300 200 100

8. 1. The three fundamental processes of memory include all but which of the following? • A) encoding • B) interpretation • C) storage • D) retrieval

9. 2. Iconic memory is to _________ as echoic memory is to __________. • A) vision; hearing • B) taste; touch • C) vision; speech • D) hearing; smell

10. 3. Ramon was flirting with a girl at a club, and convinced her to give him her telephone number. He had nothing to write it down with, though, so he recited it to himself repeatedly to keep from forgetting it. Which component of working memory was Ramon using? • A) elaborative rehearsal queue • B) visuospatial sketchpad • C) central executive • D) phonological loop

11. 4. Katherine was asked to remember the letters “E-H-I-J-J-J-M-N-N-O-O-Y.” She chose to use the names of three of her friends – Joe, Johnny, and Jim – to remember the letters. Which strategy did Katherine employ? • A) clustering • B) elaborative rehearsal • C) spreading activation • D) chunking

12. 5. When we remember how to do something but cannot consciously explain it or even recall how we do it, ___________ is involved. • A) semantic memory • B) episodic memory • C) implicit memory • D) explicit memory

13. 6. When you are absolutely sure that you know the name of an old classmate, but you are having a temporary problem accessing that memory, it is called: • A) the tip-of-the-tongue experience. • B) working retrieval. • C) semantic blocking. • D) an encoding failure.

14. 7. Which of the following is not one of manners in which retrieval is tested? • A) recognition • B) cued recognition • C) recall • D) cued recall

15. 8. Mike’s wife asked him to go to the store to get grapes, peanuts, olive oil, soda, lemonade, rolls, and diapers. According to the serial position effect, which item is Mike most likely to forget? • A) grapes • B) diapers • C) peanuts • D) soda

16. 9. Which of the following is true with regard to flashbulb memories? • A) Flashbulb memories are no more accurate than regular memories. • B) All members of the same family have the same flashbulb memories. • C) Flashbulb memories only last slightly longer than short-term memories. • D) all of the above

17. 10. Max and Noah went to a football game together. Max’s favorite team won, while Noah’s lost. Later, Max told his mother how nice the weather was, while Noah complained that it was too cold. This is an example of: • A) flashbulb memories. • B) contextual distortion. • C) state dependence. • D) mood congruence.

18. 11. Of the various explanations for why people experience déjà vu, which of the following has the least scientific support? • A) It involves dysfunction in the brain • B) It is a disruption in source monitoring • C) It is caused by inattentional blindness • D) It is likely a paranormal experience

19. 12. Yvette is a very gifted flute player, but when she tries to learn how to play the clarinet she keeps using the finger techniques for a flute. Yvette’s difficulty with the new instrument is explained by: • A) encoding failure. • B) suppression. • C) proactive interference. • D) retroactive interference.

20. 13. Which of the following has research demonstrated about the decay theory of forgetting? • A) It is the best theory we have for why we forget information. • B) It explains why we forget implicit memories, but not explicit memories. • C) It is not an adequate theory to explain why we forget things. • D) Children appear to experience a lot of decay, but adults do not.

21. 14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of forgetting: • A) occurs soon after learning. • B) continues to steadily occur over time. • C) occurs in the middle of a list. • D) occurs more rapidly in old age.

22. 15. While considered a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, _______ is an extremely controversial topic among psychologists because it is difficult to distinguish from normal forgetting. • A) decay theory • B) déjà vu • C) repression • D) suppression

23. 16. Which researcher is widely recognized as one of the world’s highest authorities on the validity of eyewitness memories? • A) Hermann von Ebbinghaus • B) James Lampinen • C) Elizabeth Loftus • D) Karl Lashley

24. 17. Source confusion can contribute to false memory if the person remembering: • A) is doubtful of events. • B) receives false details after an event. • C) has a bad memory to begin with. D) is easily manipulated by others.

25. 18. For years Alicia has envisoned that she was terribly embarrassed at a wedding when she spilled punch all over her blouse. As an adult, she truly believes that this event occurred, even though it did not. Which memory error explains this belief? • A) source confusion • B) sensation distortion • C) imagination inflation • D) confidence overstatement

26. 19. False memories may be the result of a preconceived _________, which refers to the typical sequence of actions and behaviors that occur at a common event. • A) script • B) source confusion • C) schema • D) memory trace

27. 20. Detective Brennan has an eyewitness to a murder. He wants to help the witness remember details by using guided imagery. The detective should know: • A) that hypnosis would be a better choice. • B) that there is a greater risk of false memories. • C) that he needs to used a qualified expert. • D) all of the above

28. 21. The process of permanently “setting” a new memory is called: • A) long term potentiation. • B) memory trace. • C) memory consolidation. • D) recovered memories.

29. 22. Which of the following brain structures has not been identified as playing a role in memory? • A) The cerebellum • B) The amygdala • C) The hippocampus • D) The medulla oblongata

30. 23. After she was in a very serious car accident, Aisha was unable to remember anything that had happened for days before the injury. She has no difficulty in encoding and remembering new data, however. This is an example of _________ amnesia. • A) anterograde • B) dissociative • C) sepsis-induced • D) retrograde

31. 24. The most common cause of dementia is: • A) Parkinson’s disease. • B) long-term substance abuse. • C) Alzheimer’s disease. • D) automobile accidents.

32. 25. With his hippocampus removed, H.M. could solve a logical puzzle that he previously worked on more quickly, but he did not recall having seen it before. This illustrates that the surgery had the most impact on his: • A) implicit memory. • B) explicit memory. • C) anterograde amnesia. • D) cerebellum.

33. Congratulations!

34. Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

35. 1. The three fundamental processes of memory include all but which of the following? • A) encoding • B) interpretation • C) storage • D) retrieval

36. 2. Iconic memory is to _________ as echoic memory is to __________. • A) vision; hearing • B) taste; touch • C) vision; speech • D) hearing; smell

37. 3. Ramon was flirting with a girl at a club, and convinced her to give him her telephone number. He had nothing to write it down with, though, so he recited it to himself repeatedly to keep from forgetting it. Which component of working memory was Ramon using? • A) elaborative rehearsal queue • B) visuospatial sketchpad • C) central executive • D) phonological loop

38. 4. Katherine was asked to remember the letters “E-H-I-J-J-J-M-N-N-O-O-Y.” She chose to use the names of three of her friends – Joe, Johnny, and Jim – to remember the letters. Which strategy did Katherine employ? • A) clustering • B) elaborative rehearsal • C) spreading activation • D) chunking

39. 5. When we remember how to do something but cannot consciously explain it or even recall how we do it, ___________ is involved. • A) semantic memory • B) episodic memory • C) implicit memory • D) explicit memory

40. 6. When you are absolutely sure that you know the name of an old classmate, but you are having a temporary problem accessing that memory, it is called: • A) the tip-of-the-tongue experience • B) working retrieval • C) semantic blocking • D) an encoding failure

41. 7. Which of the following is not one of manners in which retrieval is tested? • A) recognition • B) cued recognition • C) recall • D) cued recall

42. 8. Mike’s wife asked him to go to the store to get grapes, peanuts, olive oil, soda, lemonade, rolls, and diapers. According to the serial position effect, which item is Mike most likely to forget? • A) grapes • B) diapers • C) peanuts • D) soda

43. 9. Which of the following is true with regard to flashbulb memories? • A) Flashbulb memories are as subject to decay over time as regular memories • B) All members of the same family have the same flashbulb memories • C) Flashbulb memories only last slightly longer than short-term memories • D) all of the above

44. 10. Max and Noah went to a football game together. Max’s favorite team won, while Noah’s lost. Later, Max told his mother how nice the weather was, while Noah complained that it was too cold. This is an example of: • A) flashbulb memories. • B) contextual distortion. • C) state dependence. • D) mood congruence.

45. 11. Of the various explanations for why people experience déjà vu, which of the following has the least scientific support? • A) It involves dysfunction in the brain • B) It is a disruption in source monitoring • C) It is caused by inattentional blindness • D) It is likely a paranormal experience

46. 12. Yvette is a very gifted flute player, but when she tries to learn how to play the clarinet she keeps using the finger techniques for a flute. Yvette’s difficult with the new instrument is explained by: • A) encoding failure. • B) suppression. • C) proactive interference. • D) retroactive interference.

47. 13. Which of the following has research demonstrated about the decay theory of forgetting? • A) It is the best theory we have for why we forget information. • B) It explains why we forget implicit memories, but not explicit memories. • C) It is not an adequate theory to explain why we forget things. • D) Children appear to experience a lot of decay, but adults do not.

48. 14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of forgetting: • A) occurs soon after learning. • B) continues to steadily occur over time. • C) occurs in the middle of a list. • D) occurs more rapidly in old age.

49. 15. While considered a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, _______ is an extremely controversial topic among psychologists because it is difficult to distinguish from normal forgetting. • A) decay theory • B) déjà vu • C) repression • D) suppression

50. 16. Which researcher is widely recognized as one of the world’s highest authorities on the validity of eyewitness memories? • A) Hermann von Ebbinghaus • B) James Lampinen • C) Elizabeth Loftus • D) Karl Lashley