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Document and Handwriting Analysis. “The writing on the wall may be a forgery.” Ralph Hodgson. Questioned Document. Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity is in doubt.
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Document and Handwriting Analysis “The writing on the wall may be a forgery.” Ralph Hodgson
Questioned Document Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity is in doubt.
Everyone learns to write by either the Palmer (1880) or Zaner-Bloser (1895) method
Handwriting Experiment • Take out a sheet of paper and write your signature near the top • Now hold the pen/pencil in your clenched fist and sign your name by moving your wrist and arm. • Bend your arm fully and hold the pencil/pen in the crease of your elbow and sign your name
How is your handwriting determined? • First you learn by conscious copying • Eventually it stops being conscious and the brain become hardwired. • Now handwriting becomes an unconscious act • Now has habitual shapes and patterns that make it unique
Exemplar • Authentic sample used for comparison purposes • Make sure exemplar is many words and phrases similar to the questioned document • Exemplar must be long enough to see the range of natural variations • NO 2 WRITING SAMPLES ARE THE SAME • EVEN FROM THE SAME PERSON
How to get a proper exemplar • Suspect should NEVER be given questioned document • Sit comfortably at desk • Write with same type of paper and pen • Dictate phrases for them to write • Never tell them to write in upper or lowercase • Dictation should be given at least 3 times, if you notice differences, make them write it more times • If a signature is required, make the suspect 20-30 checks completely • Never tell the suspect how to spell any words
Handwriting Comparison • There are 12 traits to handwriting comparisons • REMEMBER: any single characteristic can be found in another person. • There must be a sufficient numbers of characteristics to make a match • Divided into 3 categories
Letter Form • Letter shape, curve, slant, size, continuous stroke, and correct appearance • Line Form • Smoothness of letters, darkness of lines of different strokes • Formatting • Spacing between letters, words, and lines, placement of words, & margins
Line Quality • Do letters flow or are they erratic or shaky? • Word and letter spacing • Are words and letters equally spaced or crowded? • Size consistency • Is the ration of height to width consistent? • Continuous • Is the writing continuous or does the writer lift the pen? • Connecting Letters • Are the capitals and the lower-case letters connected? • Letters complete • Are letters completely formed or is part of a letter missing?
Cursive and Printed Letters • Are there printed letters, cursive, or both? • Pen Pressure • Is pressure equal when applied to upward and downward strokes? • Slant • Left, right, or variable? • Baseline Habits • Is the test on the line, above the line, or below the line? • Flourishes or embellishments • Are there fancy curls? • Diacritic Placement • Placement of crosses on t’s and dots on i’s • Are the t’s crossed? Crossed in the middle, toward the top of bottom? Are the i’s dotted? Dotted toward the left, right, or centered?
Major Cases • Gilbert v. California • Upheld getting handwriting samples before appointment of counsel and lies outside the 5th Amendment • United States v. Mara • Ruled handwriting did not constitute unreasonable search and seizure and therefore did not violate the 4th Amendment rights
Types of Forgery • Simulated forgery • Copying a genuine signature • Traced forgery • Tracing a genuine signature • Blind forgery • Made without a model of the signature • Examples • Checks, credit cards, art, contracts, Counterfeits, Identity
2 Types of Document Alteration • Obliterations • Removal of writing by chemical means or smearing over writing • Can be detected by: • Microscopic examination • UV or infrared light • Digital image processing
Erasures • Using eraser, razor, sandpaper to change writing • Can be detected by: • Side lighting • Microscopic examination
Chromatography • Using a liquid (solvent) to separate out different solutes (solids). • Can be used to determine which type of pen was used in questioned document
Paper • A thin layer of bonded fibers • Most is made of cotton, linen, wood, or a combination of these 3. • Watermark • Translucent mark to identify certain paper
Typescript Comparison • Look for random debris or ink lines from copier • Clogged or any defects in printer ink jets are unique • Impact (dot matrix) vs nonimpact (laser or inkjet) printers • Fax TTI (Transmitting Terminal Identifier) on the top of each faxed page.