bureaucracy

2. bureaucracy Definition:an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials Bureaucracy = “government of small desks”

3. [ 6.1 ] The Federal Bureaucracy

4. The Federal Bureaucracy is: • 4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants” • President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments) • 15 cabinet level departments • 200+ independent agencies with 2,000+ bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. • Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration

5. The Federal Bureaucracy

6. What Is a Bureaucracy? A U.S. border patrol officer checks a driver's documents. He is one of more than 2.7 million people who work for the agencies and organizations that make up the federal bureaucracy.

7. What Is a Bureaucracy? To qualify as a bureaucracy, an organization must be based on these three principles. Analyze Charts What are some advantages and disadvantages of this structure?

8. Executive Branch Bureaucracy The Internal Revenue Service is part of the huge executive branch bureaucracy, responsible for processing all federal tax returns. The agency handles millions of pages of paperwork each year.

9. Executive Branch Bureaucracy Each executive branch agency is created by act of Congress to execute the nation's laws. Analyze Charts Why do you think the executive branch is the largest part of the federal bureaucracy?

10. How Units Are Named Many government agencies are well known by their acronyms. Analyze Political Cartoons What point does the cartoon make about bureaucracies and their names?

11. How Units Are Named A federal agency, the Office of Personnel Management, tracks a wide range of data related to federal employees. Analyze Charts Where do the majority of federal civilian employees work?

12. Department of Homeland Security Executive Secretary Commandant of Coast Guard (1) Legislative Affairs Secretary ---------------------------------- Deputy Secretary Inspector General Public Affairs General Counsel State and Local Coordination Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Citizenship & Immigration Service Ombudsman (1) Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1) Special Assistant to the Secretary (private sector) Director of the Secret Service (1) Small & Disadvantaged Business Privacy Officer National Capital Region Coordination Chief of Staff International Affairs Shared Services Counter Narcotics Under Secretary Management Under Secretary Science and Technology Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Under Secretary Border & Transportation Security Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003

13. Staff and Line Agencies The federal bureaucracy is made up of both staff and line agencies. Analyze Charts What are some examples of each type of agency?

15. Staff and Line Agencies A team from the EPA removes asbestos from a home in New Mexico. Agencies that execute policy and operate 'on the line,' like the EPA, are called line agencies.

16. Quiz: What Is a Bureaucracy? In the Federalist No. 51, James Madison wrote that 'you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.' According to the text, to which part of the government does 'it' refer? To which part of the government does 'itself' refer? A. members of Congress; the President B. the President; members of Congress C. elected officials; appointed bureaucrats D. appointed bureaucrats; elected officials

17. Quiz: Executive Branch Bureaucracy What is one way that Article II of the Constitution has contributed to the creation of the federal bureaucracy? A. It gives the President the power to consult with the heads of the executive departments. B. It mandates the creation of 15 Cabinet departments. C. It is completely silent on the organization of the executive branch. D. It stipulates that all three branches of the government be set up as bureaucracies.

18. [ 6.2 ] The EOP and the Executive Departments

19. White House Office (WHO) The “West Wing” staff (approx. 500 people) President’s closest advisors Staffers do NOT have to be confirmed by Senate Chief of staff Domestic advisors Legislative liaison Press Secretary

20. Executive Office of the President(EOP) • Agencies that report directly to the president. • Heads must approved by the Senate. • Office of Management & Budget (OMB) is the most powerful agency (assembles of the budget, oversight on bureaucracy) • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) • Office of Personnel Management (OPM) • National Security Council (NSC)reviews foreign affairs, advises Pres on matters affecting nat’l security • Office of U.S. Trade Representative

21. Structure of the Executive Office of the President By 1850, the executive branch employed some 33,000 people. That number reached 1 million by 1940. Analyze Data Why do you think the executive branch has grown over the years?

22. Structure of the Executive Office of the President President Obama consults with two key aides aboard Air Force One: Chief of Staff Denis McDonough (right) and Deputy National Security adviser for Strategic Communications Ben Rhodes (left).

23. CABINET 15 Executive Departments • Large, broad area administrative units, responsible for a national interest function • State, Defense, Treasury, Justice, Labor, etc. (see handout) • Composed of Secretaries of the Executive Branch and the Attorney General (Justice Dept.) • Cabinet Secretaries confirmed by Senate • Can be fired by President

24. The Executive Departments Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and President Barack Obama visit a farm in Iowa during the 2012 drought. Vilsack is one of 15 executive department secretaries.

25. The Executive Departments The number of executive departments has more than tripled since 1789. Analyze Charts What can you conclude about the reasons for creating executive departments?

26. The Executive Departments HHS aims 'to help provide the building blocks that Americans need to live healthy, successful lives.' Analyze Information How do the department's priorities reflect this mission?

27. The Cabinet and Its Functions George Washington's 1789 Cabinet consisted of just the secretaries of state, treasury, and war, and the attorney general. The modern-day presidential Cabinet is nearly four times that size.

29. Quiz: Structure of the Executive Office of the President Why is the Executive Office of the President sometimes called 'the President's right arm'? A. It houses agencies staffed by key members of political parties. B. It houses agencies staffed by the majority party leaders in Congress. C. It houses agencies staffed by the President's key personal and political aides. D. It houses agencies staffed by key lobbyists for powerful corporations.

30. Quiz: The Executive Departments Which of the following events MOST LIKELY led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002? A. a major earthquake struck El Salvador in 2001 B. terrorists attacked the United States in 2001 C. a NASA space probe began to map the surface of Mars in 2002 D. Switzerland joined the United Nations in 2002

31. Quiz: The Cabinet and Its Functions How does geography influence the selection of Cabinet secretaries? A. Candidates are chosen to give regional balance to the Cabinet. B. Candidates are chosen to give professional experience to the Cabinet. C. Candidates are chosen to give interest groups access to the Cabinet. D. Candidates are chosen to give the Senate influence over the Cabinet.

32. [ 6.3 ] The Independent Agencies

33. Independent Executive Agencies Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a regulatory one. Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without cause Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.

34. The Purpose of Independent Agencies A Peace Corps volunteer works with a farmer in Senegal. Since the Corps was established as an independent agency in 1961, more than 200,000 volunteers have worked in 139 countries.

35. The Purpose of Independent Agencies

36. Independent Executive Agencies • Massive turnover of these Executive agencies with a new President?

37. Independent Executive Agencies An FDA agent inspects food products at a processing plant. Predict Consequences What might be the result if the FDA did not regulate food safety?

38. Independent Executive Agencies NASA’s technological advances have ensured successful space travel and benefited the general public. Analyze Information How have each of these NASA innovations benefited civilians?

39. Independent Regulatory Commissions • Agencies created by Congress to exist outside the major the departments to regulate a specific economic activity or interest • Presidential appointments • National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) • Federal Reserve Board, FCC, SEC, FEC • OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

40. Independent Regulatory Commissions A radio station host talks to listeners on the air. The radio waves, as well as any content transmitted over them, are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

41. Government Corporations Businesses established by Congress to perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. May or may not be profitable, but serve a public need TVA FDIC AMTRAK U.S. Postal Service

42. Title: Another Layer of Bureaucracy Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant Date: February, 2006 Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.com

43. Government Corporations The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, also known as Amtrak, is a government corporation that transports an average of over 85,000 passengers each day.

44. Government Corporations Government corporations blur the line between public and private businesses. Analyze Charts What are some ways that government and private corporations are similar?

45. Quiz: Independent Executive Agencies The main goal of the civil service today is to A. do away with the spoils system and other forms of patronage. B. provide jobs for those seeking positions in the Federal Government. C. make sure that federal employees do not favor one political party. D. recruit and keep the best people in the federal workforce.

46. Quiz: Independent Regulatory Commissions The FCC is headed by five commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Only three of the five can belong to the same political party. The FCC is structured in this way to A. maintain widespread monitoring of communications usage. B. ensure consistent rates for public broadcasters. C. prevent the President and either party from having too much influence over the FCC. D. balance leadership between the President and private companies.

47. The President Supervises the Bureaucracy The President can: • appoint & remove agency heads • reorganize the bureaucracy • issue executive orders • reduce an agency's budget President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007

48. Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy Congress can: • create or abolish agencies & departments • cut or reduce funding • investigate agency activities • hold committee hearings • pass legislation that alters an agency's functions • influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointments Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina

49. Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy Federal courts can: • through judicial review rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted within the law and the U.S. Constitution • provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action Supreme Court of the United States