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استاد راهنما: دکتر علی موقررحیم‌آبادی استاد مشاور: دکتر محمد قدسی مریم بوشهریان دی‌ماه 1385

بررسی و ارزیابی پوشش k تایی در شبکه‌های حسگر Study and Evaluation of k-Coverage in Sensor Networks. استاد راهنما: دکتر علی موقررحیم‌آبادی استاد مشاور: دکتر محمد قدسی مریم بوشهریان دی‌ماه 1385. فهرست مطالب. شبکه‌های حسگر پارامترهای یک شبکه‌ی حسگر اهداف گوناگون در شبکه‌های حسگر

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استاد راهنما: دکتر علی موقررحیم‌آبادی استاد مشاور: دکتر محمد قدسی مریم بوشهریان دی‌ماه 1385

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  1. بررسی و ارزیابی پوشش kتایی در شبکه‌های حسگرStudy and Evaluation ofk-Coverage in Sensor Networks استاد راهنما: دکتر علی موقررحیم‌آبادی استاد مشاور: دکتر محمد قدسی مریم بوشهریان دی‌ماه 1385

  2. فهرست مطالب • شبکه‌های حسگر • پارامترهای یک شبکه‌ی حسگر • اهداف گوناگون در شبکه‌های حسگر • مسئله‌ی پوشش • مسائل مختلف در پوشش حسی • پوشش با مصرف انرژی بهینه • الگوریتم‌های ارائه شده برای بالابردن عمر شبکه • شرایط ويژه‌ی مسئله مصرف بهینه انرژی • روش پیشنهادی و زمان‌بندی

  3. شبکه‌ی حسگر • مجموعه‌ای از تعداد بسیار زیادی حسگر با تراکم بالا • هدف: در ارتباط با یکدیگر یک وظیفه‌ی حسی را در یک مکان ایجاد کنند.

  4. پارامترهای یک شبکه‌ی حسگر (1) • ساختار شبکه • مسطح • سلسله‌مراتبی • نحوه‌ی چینش حسگرها • تصادفی • توزیع‌های مختلف آماری مانند پواسون • مدل ردیابی

  5. پارامترهای یک شبکه‌ی حسگر (2) • ناحیه‌ی حسی • 2بعدی • 3 بعدی • محدوده‌ی ارسالی • هم‌گامی زمان • مدل خرابی • تحرک حسگرها • اطلاعات مکانی

  6. اهداف گوناگون درشبکه‌های حسگر

  7. مسئله‌ی پوشش • بررسی میزان احاطه‌ی حسگرها بر منطقه‌ی مورد نظر • تعاریف: • نقطه‌ی کور • پوشش منطقه‌ای • پوشش نقطه‌ای • پوشش حصاری

  8. مسائل مختلف در پوشش حسی • تعداد حسگرهای کمینه • بررسی پوشش kتایی • تعیین k در پوشش kتایی • پوشش در فضای 3بعدی • اتصال و پوشش • حرکت حسگرها به منظور تامین پوشش (تکی یا kتایی) • پوشش با مصرف انرژی بهینه

  9. پوشش با مصرف انرژی بهینه • چینش حسگرها محدودیت دارد: • هزینه‌بر است. • در همه‌ی زمان‌ها انجام‌پذیر نیست. • چینش خیلی وقت‌ها به صورت متراکم انجام می‌شود. • حسگرها محدودیت‌های زیادی دارند. • عمر مفید • محدودیت منبع انرژی • طولانی کردن عمر شبکه بدون از دست دادن پوشش مطلوب، اهمیت دارد.

  10. مثال

  11. مثال

  12. مثال

  13. فعال خاموش یا روشن کردن گیرنده خاموش یا روشن کردن واحد حسی گیرنده‌ی فعال واحد حسی فعال خاموش یا روشن کردن پردازنده خاموش یا روشن کردن پردازنده خاموش یا روشن کردن پردازنده غیرفعال (خواب) خاموش یا روشن کردن گیرنده خاموش یا روشن کردن واحد حسی حس‌کننده مراقب شنوا خاموش یا روشن کردن گیرنده خاموش یا روشن کردن واحد حسی کاملا غیرفعال پوشش با هدف افزایش دوره‌ی حیات شبکه • هدف: بالا بردن طول عمر یک شبکه‌ی حسگر، با در نظر گرفتن پوشش اولیه‌ی آن

  14. الگوریتم‌های ارائه شده برای بالابردن عمر شبکه

  15. شرایط ويژه‌ی مسئله مصرف بهینه انرژی • اجرای الگوریتم به صورت مرکزی بسیار هزینه‌بر و در مواردی غیرممکن است. • واحدهای پردازش(حسگرها) ضعیف هستند: • پردازنده • حافظه • انرژی • برد انتقال اطلاعات • بسیاری از مسائل مطرح در این زمینه NP-Complete هستند.

  16. روش پیشنهادی • در صورت امکان، ارائه‌ی یک الگوریتم بهینه یا نزدیک به بهینه در زمینه‌ی پوشش kتایی با هدف افزایش دوره‌ی حیات شبکه • پیاده‌سازی الگوریتم و شبیه‌سازی آن • استفاده از ابزارهای شبیه‌سازی شبکه مانند NS-2 • پیاده‌سازی الگوریتم به صورت مستقیم با کمک زبان‌های برنامه‌سازی • مقایسه‌ی نتایج با کارهای مرتبط

  17. نوشتن پایان‌نامه و دفاع ارائه یک روش بهینه یا نزدیک به بهینه و پیاده‌سازی آن بررسی مقالات و کارهای انجام‌شده دی بهمن اسفند فروردین اردیبهشت خرداد تیر مرداد زمان‌بندی مورد نظر

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  19. منابع اصلی • C. Gui, P. Mohapatra, “Power Conservation and Quality of Surveillance in Target Tracking Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom’04), pp. 129–143, 2004. • W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient Communication Protocols for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” in Proceedings of Hawaaian International Conference on Systems Science, January 2000. • W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan, “An Application-specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 1(4):660–670, October 2002. • T. He, S. Krishnamurthy, J. A. Stankovic, T. Abdelzaher, L. Luo, R. Stoleru, T. Yan, L. Gu, J. Hui, B. Krogh, “Energy-efficient Surveillance System Using Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys’04), pp. 270–283, 2004. • J. Deng, Y. S. Han, W. B. Heinzelman, P. K. Varshney, “Scheduling Sleeping Nodes in High Density Cluster-based Sensor Networks,” ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET) Special Issue on Energy Constraints and Lifetime Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks, 2004. to appear. • J. Deng, Y. S. Han, W. B. Heinzelman, P. K. Varshney, “Balanced Energy Sleep Scheduling Scheme for High Density Cluster-based Sensor Networks,” in Proc. of the 4th Workshop on Applications and Services in Wireless Networks (ASWN’04), 2004.

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  22. منابع دیگر (ادامه) • H. Zhang, J. C. Hou, “Maintaining Sensing Coverage and Connectivity in Large Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of NSF International Workshop on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks, invited paper, 2004. • I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, “Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey,” Computer Networks 38, pp.393–422, 2002. • I. Vasilescu, K. Kotay, D. Rus, M. Dunbabin, P. Corke, "Data Collection, Storage, and Retrieval with an Underwater Sensor Network," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, San Diego, California, USA, pp.154–165, 2005. • J. Deng, Y. S. Han, W. B. Heinzelman, P. K. Varshney, “Scheduling Sleeping Nodes in High Density Cluster-based Sensor Networks,” ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET) Special Issue on ”Energy Constraints and Lifetime Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks”, vol. 10(6), 835-835, Dec. 2005. • J. Elson, D. Estrin, “Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS’01), pp. 1965-1970, Apr. 2001. • J. Jiang, Z. Song, H. Zhang, and W. Dou, “Voronoi-Based Improved Algorithm for Connected Coverage Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Lecture notes in computer science, vol. 3824, pp. 224-233, Dec. 2005. • J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister, "Next century challenges: mobile networking for Smart Dust," in Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, Seattle, Washington, USA, pp. 271-278, 1999. • K. Chakrabarty, S. Iyengar, H. Qi, E. Cho, “Grid Coverage for Surveillance and Target Location in Distributed Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 51(12), pp. 1448-1453, Dec. 2002. • K. Wu, Y. Gao, F. Li, Y. Xiao, “Lightweight Deployment-aware Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET) Special Issue on “Energy Constraints and Lifetime Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks”, 10(6), pp. 837–852, Dec. 2005. • M. Bagheri, M, Hafeeda, H. Ahmadi, “A Near Optimal K-Coverage Algorithm for Large-Scale Sensor Networks”, Technical Report, 2006.

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  24. منابع دیگر (ادامه) • R. Holman, J. Stanley, T. Ozkan-Haller, "Applying Video Sensor Networks to Nearshore Environment Monitoring," IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2003. • S. Kumar, T. H. Lai, A. Arora, “Barrier Coverage with wireless Sensors,” in Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Mobile computing and networking, Cologne, Germany, pp. 284-298, 2005. • S. Kumar, T. H. Lai, J. Balogh, “On K-Coverage in a Mostly Sleeping Sensor Network,” in Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM’04), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 144–158, Sep. 2004. • S. Megerian, F. Koushanfar, M. Potkonjak, M. B. Srivastava, “Worst and Best-Case Coverage in Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Comptuing, vol. 4(1), pp. 84-92, Jan./Feb. 2005. • S. Meguerdichian, F. Koushanfar, M. Potkonjak, and S. M., “Coverage Problems in Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’01, Apr. 2001. • S. Slijepcevic and M. Potkonjak, “Power Efficient Organization of Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’01), vol. 2, pp. 472-476, Jun. 2001. • S. Yang, F. Dai, M. Cardei, J. Wu, “On Multiple Point Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’05), Washington, Washington D.C., USA, 8 pp., Nov. 2005. • T. T. Hsieh, "Using sensor networks for highway and traffic applications," IEEE Potentials, vol. 23(2), pp. 13–16, May 2004. • X. Wang, G. Xing, Y. Zhang, C. Lu, R. Pless, and C. Gill, “Integrated Coverage and Connectivity Configuration in Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Sensys’03), pages 28–39, Nov. 2003. • X. Y. Li, P. J. Wan, O. Frieder, “Coverage in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 52(6), Jun. 2003.

  25. منابع دیگر (ادامه) • Y. Huang and Y. Tseng, “The Coverage Problem in a Wireless Sensor Network,” in Proceedings ACM International Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications, San Diego, California, USA, Sep. 2003. • Y. Zou, K. Chakrabarty, “Sensor Deployment and Target Localization based on Virtual Forces,” IEEE 22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'03), vol.2 1293-1303, Apr. 2003. • Z. Zhou, S. Das, and H. Gupta, “Connected K-Coverage Problem in Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN’04), Chicago, Illinois, USA, Oct. 2004.

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