Total war-related deaths: 8.5 million

1. Total war-related deaths: 8.5 million • the idea of a 'lost generation'... According to one estimate, 30.58 per cent of all men aged twenty to twenty-four in 1914 were killed and 28.15 per cent of those aged thirteen to nineteen.' • John Stevenson, 'Social History of Britain'

2. Then comes the flu…. • "The 1918 has gone: a year momentous as the termination of the most cruel war in the records of the human race; a year which marked, the end at least for a time, of man's destruction of man; unfortunately a year in which developed a most fatal infectious disease causing the death of hundreds of thousands of human beings. Medical science for four and one-half years devoted itself to putting men on the firing line and keeping them there. Now it must turn with its whole might to combating the greatest enemy of all--infectious disease," (12/28/1918).

3. A children’s nursery rhyme - 1918 • I had a little bird, • Its name was Enza. • I opened the window, • And in-flu-enza.

4. How do we make peace now?

5. Wilson’s 14 Points • How do these terms sound for the victors? For the defeated? Be specific. • Anything “controversial”? • Would you surrender to these terms? Explain

6. What is the main objective of each? Will it be easy for them to agree? Explain. Make up three terms of the treaty. The "Big 4" of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 were (left to right) Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States.

7. Georges Clemenceau of France • Germany should be brought to its knees so that she could never start a war again.

8. David Lloyd George of Great Britain • Really cared more about Russia & Communism in Western Europe • If he had come across as being soft on Germany, he would have been speedily voted out of office. The British public was after revenge • "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany Pay“

9. Woodrow Wilson of America • Stunned by the savagery of the Great War • Germany should be punished but in a way that would lead to European reconciliation as opposed to revenge. • In America, there was a growing desire for the government to adopt a policy of isolation and leave Europe to its own devices

10. Tuesday, December 11, 2012 • How do Clemenceau, George & Wilson feel about the peace treaty that will end WWI?

11. The Treaty of Versailles http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/thetreatyrev1.shtml Interactive map

12. Treaty was signed on June 28th 1919 • After agreeing to the Armistice in November 1918, the Germans had been convinced that they would be consulted by the Allies on the contents of the Treaty • That is not what happened!!

13. Territorial • -Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)-Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)-Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)-Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)-West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)-The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum.-The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states: Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.

15. Territorial Overview • Germany lost a decent amount of territory • New countries are formed from “German” land… • The League of Nations has a lot of control in the area • Future problems? • Economic effects • Desire reclaim territories • League needs to be powerful

16. Military • -Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks-Germany not allowed an air-force. -Only allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines. -The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.

17. Military Overview • Army/navy reduced in size and number • Area by France cannot be militarized • Future problems? • Who will enforce this? • League needs to be powerful • Psychological impact

18. Financial • -Germany, as she was responsible for starting the war as stated in clause 231, was, therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War.-Germany had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. Payment could be in kind or cash. The figure was not set at Versailles - it was to be determined later. The Germans were told to write a blank cheque which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at £6,600 million - a huge sum of money.-Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia (territories lost)-Industries lost in lost territories

19. Financial Overview • Huge financial blow between reparations, money lost from territories (industries & natural resources) • Future problems? • How will they pay this money? • Anger if poor?

20. Psychological • -Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause".

21. Psychological • Take responsibility for the war • Future problems? • Psychological impact • Feel unfair

22. Are Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points reflected in the Treaty of Versailles?

23. America Makes Peace: Notice anything odd about this? • June of 1921, President Warren Harding approved a joint congressional resolution proclaiming the war with the Central Powers ended, and later signed a separate peace treaty • Germans, Italians & Irish do not like the Treaty • Senate ratifies treaties • Henry C. Lodge declared US exempt article X (League) – added amendments, reservations, et cetera • Wilson could not accept these changes & asked Democrats to vote against the Treaty of Versailles Henry C. Lodge (Senator, Massachusetts)

24. The League of Nations • THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, • In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security • by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, • by the prescription of open, just and honorable relations between nations, • by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and • by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another, Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations. • 26 total articles

25. The League of Nations "Any war of threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safe guard peace.” • Assembly (all); Council (special countries); Int’l Court; Labor Organization & others • Membership changed, 58 highest: No Russia or Germany until late 20s, early 30s • America was never a part of it Dealing with Problem Countries • It could call on the states in dispute to sit down and discuss the problem in an orderly and peaceful manner • If the states in dispute failed to listen to the Assembly’s decision, the League could introduce economic sanctions. • If this failed, the League could introduce physical sanctions. • Will the League be strong?????

26. The League Membership

27. Pros & Cons of the League of Nations From an American Standpoint • 3 Pros • 3 Cons

28. Pros of the Treaty • Bring countries together • More transparent • Possibly stop future conflicts without war (economic sanctions) • Not obligated/forced into conflicts – still your choice to send troops

29. Cons of the Treaty "The United States is the world's best hope," Lodge once said, "but... if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her powerful good, and endanger her very existence... Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance -- this great land of ordered liberty. For if we stumble and fall, freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin." • Limit American independence? • International labor board… • Goes against Washington’s Farewell Address (entangling alliances) • Involve US in foreign issues like WWI (structure) • Not effective? (structure)

30. The “Real” Issues…? • Wilson left out Republicans • Personal enemy of Henry Cabot Lodge • Wilson’s health – could not fight for it

31. Why did the US reject the League of Nations?