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Light

Light. Light is a form of energy. Crooke’s Radiometer proves light has energy. Turns in sunlight as the light heats the black side. Can you think of another example to demonstrate that light is a form of energy?. Light travels in straight lines. How are shadows formed?. Reflection.

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Light

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  1. Light

  2. Light is a form of energy Crooke’s Radiometer proves light has energy Turns in sunlight as the light heats the black side Can you think of another example to demonstrate that light is a form of energy?

  3. Light travels in straight lines How are shadows formed?

  4. Reflection • Reflection is the bouncing of light off an object. • When light bounces off objects it scatters in all directions – diffuse reflection. • Highly polished surfaces (mirror) behave in a more predictable way.

  5. Reflection Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection Normal Reflected ray Incident ray Angle of reflection Angle of incidence Mirror

  6. Laws of Reflection • The angle of incidence ,i, is always equal to the angle of reflection, r. • The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie on the same plane.

  7. Reflection Laws of Reflection Animation 1 Laws of Reflection Animation 2

  8. How is an image formed in a plane mirror?

  9. Virtual Image • An image that is formed by the apparent intersection of light rays • Can not appear on a screen d d

  10. Curved Mirrors • Curved mirrors consist of a series of small mirrors combined together. • Each individual mirror must obey the laws of reflection.

  11. 2F F Real Image • An image that is formed by the actual intersection of light rays. • Can be formed on a screen

  12. Pole All ray diagrams in curved mirrors and lens are drawn using the same set of rays. Concave Mirror Object F Principal Axis

  13. F

  14. You can draw any ray diagram by combining 2 of these rays The only difference is where the object is based. F

  15. Ray Diagrams- Object outside 2F 1/. Inverted 2/. Smaller 3/. Real 2F F The images can be formed on a screen so they are real.

  16. 2F F Object at 2F 1/. Inverted 2/. Same Size 3/. Real The image is at 2F

  17. 2F F Object between 2F and F 1/. Inverted 2/. Magnified 3/. Real The image is outside 2F

  18. 2F F Object at F The image is at infinity

  19. F Object inside F 1/. Upright 2/. Magnified 3/. Virtual The image is behind the mirror

  20. Convex Mirror The image is behind the mirror 1/. Upright 2/. Smaller 3/. Virtual F

  21. Convex Mirror – only one ray diagram F The image is behind the mirror

  22. Uses of curved mirrors • Concave Mirrors • Dentists Mirrors • Make –up mirrors • Convex Mirror • Security Mirrors • Rear view mirrors

  23. Ray Diagram Example • An object 4 cm high is placed at right angles to the axis of a concave mirror and at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror. If the focal length of the mirror is 10 cm find the position, size and nature of the image. • This can be done using a diagram or by calculation.

  24. u v F Calculations f=focal length u=object distance v=image distance • Use the formula

  25. 10 20 Example An object is placed 20cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=10 and u=20 Using the formula V=20cm real

  26. 20 2 20 2 Magnification • What is the magnification in the last question? • Well u=20 and v=20 • As • m=1 • Image is same size

  27. Example An object is placed 20cm from a concave mirror of focal length 30cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=30 and u=20 Using the formula V=60cm Virtual

  28. Example An object is placed 30cm from a convex mirror of focal length 20cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=-20 and u=30 The minus is Because the Mirror is convex Using the formula V=60/5cm =12cm Virtual

  29. MEASUREMENT OF THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONCAVE MIRROR Concave mirror Crosswire Lamp-box Screen u v

  30. Approximate focal length by focusing image of window onto sheet of paper. Place the lamp-box well outside the approximate focal length Move the screen until a clear inverted image of the crosswire is obtained. Measure the distance u from the crosswire to the mirror, using the metre stick. Measure the distance v from the screen to the mirror. Repeat this procedure for different values of u. Calculate f each time and then find an average value. Precautions The largest errors are in measuring with the meter rule and finding the exact position of the sharpest image.

  31. Refraction The fisherman sees the fish and tries to spear it Fisherman use a trident as light is bent at the surface

  32. Light bends towards the normal due to entering a more dense medium Refraction into glass or water AIR WATER

  33. Light bendsaway from the normal due to entering a less dense medium Refraction out of glass or water

  34. Light bends towards the normal due to entering a more dense medium Light bendsaway from the normal due to entering a less dense medium Refraction through a glass block Light slows down but is not bent, due to entering along the normal

  35. Laws of REFRACTION • The incident ray, refracted ray and normal all lie on the same plane • SNELLS LAW the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for 2 given media. sin i = n (Refractive Index) sin r

  36. Proving Snell’s Law i r Repeat for different angles of incidence

  37. Real and Apparent Depth • A pool appears shallower

  38. Cork Pin Apparent depth Mirror Real depth Water Image Pin MEASUREMENT OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A LIQUID

  39. Finding No Parallax – Looking Down Pin at bottom Pin reflection in mirror No Parallax Parallax

  40. Refractive Index(n) in terms of relative speeds

  41. Refractive Index • Ratio of speeds

  42. Light stays in denser medium Reflected like a mirror Angle i = angle r Refraction out of glass or water

  43. THE CRITICAL ANGLE Finding the Critical Angle… 1) Ray gets refracted 2) Ray still gets refracted 4) Total Internal Reflection 3) Ray still gets refracted (just!)

  44. Critical Angle • Varies according to refractive index

  45. Refractive Index and Critical Angle • Refractive Index is defined in relation to light going from air into that medium (i.e. air to glass or air to water) • Ex 1: The critical angle for a certain medium is 500 . Find its refractive index • Ex 2: The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the critical angle for glass?

  46. Uses of Total Internal Reflection Optical fibres: An optical fibre is a long, thin, transparent rod made of glass or plastic. Light is internally reflected from one end to the other, making it possible to send large chunks of information Optical fibres can be used for communications by sending e-m signals through the cable. The main advantage of this is a reduced signal loss. Also no magnetic interference.

  47. Practical Fibre Optics It is important to coat the strand in a material of low n. This increases Total Internal Reflection The light can not leak into the next strand.

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