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Ecology

Ecology. Ch 47. Ecosystem ecology. Interaction among all communities and the abiotic and biotic factors Chemical cycling Use and reuse of chemical elements Energy flow Conversion of energy through the system Trophic levels Food web. Figure 48.3. Trophic Structure.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology Ch 47

  2. Ecosystem ecology • Interaction among all communities and the abiotic and biotic factors • Chemical cycling • Use and reuse of chemical elements • Energy flow • Conversion of energy through the system • Trophic levels • Food web

  3. Figure 48.3

  4. Trophic Structure • Transfer of food energy through food web • Feeding relationships between organisms • Primary energy source is sunlight • Conversion of this energy source through trophic structure • Energy conversion is inefficient • Energy enters system as sunlight “lost” as heat • Food chain vs food web • Illustrates trophic interactions

  5. Trophic Structure • Producer • autotrophic • Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy • Sun to sugars • Consumer • Primary consumer • Trophic level that feeds on producers • herbivores • Secondary consumer • Trophic level that feeds primarily on primary consumers • Typically smaller carnivores • Tertiary consumer • Trophic level that feeds primarily on secondary consumers • Quaternary Consumer • Trophic level that feeds primarily on teriary consumers

  6. Food chain • Detritivore • Decomposers • Omnivores?

  7. Trophic Structure • Detritivores • In soil • Feed on detritus (dead material) • Soil scavengers • Earthworms, soil nematodes • Decomposers • Recycle nutrients • Fungus, bacteria

  8. Food web • Linkage based on trophic levels • Species can occupy more than 1 trophic level • Diagram complex relationships • Omnivores • Complexities

  9. Figure 48.5

  10. Limitations of Food Chain • 4-5 levels (9) • Energetic Hypothesis • Inefficiencey of E transfer • 10 % rule • Dynamic stability hypothesis • Long chains lack stability • Magnification of fluctuations in variable environments

  11. Figure 48.4

  12. Pyramid of Net Production

  13. Trophic Efficiency

  14. Chemical Cycling • Chemical elements cycled through an ecosystem • Available resources vary across ecosystem types • Complex recycling system involves interactions of abiotic and biotic factors • Limiting resource in ecosystems • Biogeochemical cycles

  15. Biogeochemical Cycles • Cycling of carbon, nitrogen, water • Abiotic reserves • “Sink” • Ex carbon primarily in atmosphere as CO2 • Biotic factors typically involved in harvesting or processing chemicals from sink into useable forms

  16. Figure 48.7

  17. Water Cycle • Reservoir in atmosphere & in oceans • Cycle driven through • Abiotic parameters • Solar energy, precipitation, evaporation, • Geological- runoff • Biotic parameters • Transpiration

  18. Carbon Cycle • Reservoir in atmosphere • Cycle driven through • Abiotic parameters • Biotic parameters • Photosynthesis & cellular respiration • Decomposers & detritivores • bodies of living organisms

  19. Nitrogen Cycle • Reservoir in atmosphere- N2 • Cycle driven through • Abiotic parameters • Biotic parameters • Soil bacteria- nitrogen fixers (ammonium) • Plants with symbiotic bacteria • Decomposers & detritivores

  20. Phosphorus Cycle • Reservoir in rock & living organisms • Local recycling • Cycle driven through • Abiotic parameters • Precipitation- erosion • Geological- runoff • Biotic parameters • Plants • Decomposers & detritivores

  21. Biomes • Major type of ecosystems • Ex desert • Sonoran desert • Mojave desert • Chihuahuan desert • Great Basin desert • Distinct distribution based on abiotic condition • Primarily driven by climate

  22. Climate • Collective interaction of Temp, H2O, Light, Wind • D= Prevailing weather condition at a locality • Climate vs weather • Influence biotic • Biomes • Major types of ecosystems • Global vs local

  23. Figure 49.1a

  24. Figure 49.2

  25. Biomes

  26. Figure 49.4

  27. Specific Distribution of Biomes

  28. Not all deserts are the same

  29. What Causes Deserts • Global climate patterns • Distance from ocean • Cooling and rewarming of air • Rainshadow

  30. California’s Deserts

  31. Distance from Water

  32. But what about Baja??

  33. Cold water cools warm air Cold air forms precipitation

  34. Air low in moisture reaches land

  35. Rainshadow • Adiabadic Cooling • as moist air encounters mountain rises • As air rises it expands and cools less pressure @ high altitude

  36. .5 deg C per 100 M = 2.7 deg F per 1000 ft • air at crest 13,100 ft has cooled 23 deg F • http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch31/rainshadow_v2.html

  37. Latitude AND Altitude Drive Biome Distributions

  38. Air on leeward side warms as it drops • 1 deg per 100 M (5.5 def F per 1000 ft) • Warms 2X faster than cools

  39. Sierra Nevada

  40. Other Factors that Contribute

  41. What Defines a Desert? • Less than 10 in ppt per year • Irregularity of ppt • Potential evapotranspiration

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