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Insights on Hot QCD Matter from Flow Measurements

Learn from detailed flow measurements about the properties of hot QCD matter created in RHIC collisions, constraints for thermalization, pressure, sound speed, and more.

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Insights on Hot QCD Matter from Flow Measurements

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  1. Roy A. Lacey What do flow measurements tell us about the Hot QCD matter created in RHIC Collisions ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  2. The Central Question Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  3. t = -z/c t = z/c eBjorken~ 5 - 15 GeV/fm3 ~ 35 – 100 ε0 0 z:collision axis Gold nucleus Gold nucleus v~0.99c A “little Bang” occurs in RHIC collisions t Thermalized partonic Fluid! QGP? Challenge:  Develop Constraints for the Properties of the QGP ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  4. Detailed integral and differential Measurements now available for Why Flow Measurements? From ET Distributions Control Params. Expect Large Pressure Gradients  Hydro Flow Substantial elliptic, hexadecapole, etc flow signals should be present for a variety of particle species   Constraints for thermalization, pressure, sound speed, viscosity, etc. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  5. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  6. Buda Lund Hydro Model nucl-th/0310040 ( WHY ? ) P System size independence How to tell if Flow is Hydrodynamic • Fluid hydrodynamics is scale invariant. • Important parameters There are several generic scaling predictions that can be readily tested; v2 should scale with KET Relationship between harmonics is specific All scaling tests can be validated Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  7. Eccentricity Scaling ? Data validates the Hydro prediction that v2 scales with “a proxy eccentricity” & system size Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  8. Molnar et al. We understand this Why “proxy ε’’ Scaling? x k There are sound reasons for “Proxy ε’’ scaling! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  9. v2 = ? e Eccentricity Scaling ? http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/nucl-ex/0610037 Misleading !! Which ε scaling ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  10. “eccentricity’’ Scaling? The clincher ! “Proxy ε scaling’’ validated Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  11. Baryons Mesons PHENIX Pub KET Scaling? P KET scaling validated Quark Degrees of Freedom Evident Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  12. Flow is Partonic and Universal v2 for the D follows that of other mesons v2 for the φ follows that of other mesons A Phase with Quark-like dynamical degrees of freedom Dominates the flow Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  13. The partonic fluid is Strongly coupled? KET & nq2 scaling validated for v4 Quark recombination extend to lower pT/KET Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  14. The partonic fluid is thermalized Quark Degrees of Freedom Evident Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  15. The partonic fluid is thermalized • Lessons • Dynamic recombination • 2. Partonic Thermalization! • 3. Strongly coupled QGP Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  16. nucl-ex/0610029 A Remarkable Scaling of the fine structure of Elliptic Flow is observed at RHIC At midrapidity v2 (pt,M,b,A)/n = F(KET/n)*ε(b,A) This scaling validates the predictions of “perfect fluid” hydrodynamics and serve as an important constraint for several transport coefficients Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  17. v2/ε for <pT> ~ 0.45 GeV/c cs ~ 0.35 ±0.05 (cs2 ~ 0.12), soft EOS F. Karsch, hep-lat/0601013 See nucl-ex/0604011 for details Speed of sound & Pressure Estimate Hydro Calculations (Bhalerao et al.) The EOS is harder than that for the hadron gas but softer than that for QGP  no strong first order phase transition Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  18. F. Karsch, hep-lat/0601013 The expected saturation of v2 Is observed Phys.Rev.Lett.94:232302,2005 Saturation of Elliptic flow consistent with a soft EOS associated with Crossover Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  19. Lacey et al. PRL 98:092301 Transport Coefficient Estimates - I Model Comparison 1-2 X the conjectured lower bound Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  20. Transport Coefficient from Transport C. Greiner et al Thermalization facilitated by 23 processes Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  21. Small viscosity results in large suppression An estimate of the scattering power Strong Jet Quenching is consistent with a low viscosity partonic fluid Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  22. High pT trigger Same-Side Jet x10 x20 Setting an upper limit on The viscosity QCD Sonic Boom Gives sound speed directly; Sets upper limit on viscosity. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  23. High pT trigger Same-Side Jet Assoc. pTs Deflected jet Mach Cone Away-Side Jet Validation test of the use of two event mixing to remove 2+1 processes (2+1) processes efficiently removed via two-event mixing to obtain true three particle correlations Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  24. Simulated Deflected jet Simulated Mach Cone True 3PC jet correlations QCD Sonic Boom? Data Total 3PC jet correlations The data validates the presence of a Mach Cone away-side jet Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  25. Lacey et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.98:092301 hep-lat/0406009 hep-ph/0604138 Curves to guide the eye Nonaka et al. Low Suggest trajectories close to the critical point ? Hints of the CEP? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  26. Kharzeev-Tuchin Meyer are a potent signals for the CEP How to find the CEP? First estimate T ~ 165-170 μ ~ 150-180 MeV Need two energies immediately Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  27. Epilogue • Flow measurements tell us that the hot QCD matter created at RHIC is a strongly coupled plasma that: • flows as a (nearly) perfect fluid with systematic patterns consistent with quark degrees of freedom. • has a soft EOS and a viscosity to entropy density ratio close to the conjectured quantum bound – a value lower than for any other known fluid. • A Wealth of other Experimental Results Provide Constraints • for first estimates of the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties • of the plasma Extracted Transport Coefficients Suggest Decay Trajectories “close’’ to the Critical End Point (CEP) First estimate T ~ 165-170 μ ~ 150-180 MeV Need two energies immediately Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  28. Elliptic Flow at SPS (Pb+Pb at 158 GeV, NA49) v2 of p, π, Λ - C. Alt et al (NA49 collaboration) nucl-ex/0606026 submitted to PRL V2 of K0 (preliminary) - G. Stefanek for NA49 collaboration (nucl-ex/0611003) Scaling ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  29. New ! Expand R(q) and S(r) in Cartesian Harmonic basis (Danielewicz and Pratt nucl-th/0501003) Source function (Distribution of pair separations) Correlation function Encodes FSI Is the Matter Short-lived? Two particle Interferometry Studies Substitute (2) and (3) into (1) 3D Koonin Pratt Eqn. Inversion of this integral equation  Source Function Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  30. Fitting with truncated expansion series ! Danielewicz Correlation Moments The basis L=0 L=2 The Matter is Short-lived? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  31. Correlation Moments Source Function NR R A Broad Distribution of Relative Emission Times Accounts for the data The Matter is Short-lived? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  32. High pT trigger High pT trigger Same-Side Jet Same-Side Jet Deflected jet Mach Cone Normal Jet High pT trigger Same-Side Jet Assoc. pTs Away-Side Jet 3-Particle di-jet correlations allow a distinction between different mechanistic scenarios ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  33. Moore & Teaney Transport Coefficient estimate -II + Molnar Transport Model comparison D-meson essentially thermal Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  34. Flow at RHIC ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  35. Eccentricity scaled v2 -- Hydro Bhalerao, Blaizot, Borghini, Ollitrault : Phys.Lett.B627:49-54,2005 Eccentricity scaled v2 has a relatively strong dependence on cs Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  36. Quark number Scaling – Partonic Flow nucl-ex/0604011 PHENIX preliminary Fries Phys. Rev. C68, 2003 • Apparent Quark number scaling Consistent with quark-like degrees of freedom in the initial flowing matter Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  37. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  38. * * * * High pT (1) f f q Df 12 13 12 Same Side Assoc. pTs (2,3) _ Away Side = D q* D = Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  39. Scaling breaks Baryons scale together Mesons scale together Transverse kinetic energy scaling P PHENIX preliminary • Elliptic flow scales with KET up to KET ~1 GeV • consistent with hydro mass scaling • Possible hint of quark degrees of freedom become apparent at higher KET Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  40. Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  41. Beam Energy dependence (PHENIX) Phys.Rev.Lett.94:232302,2005 The observed saturation of differential elliptic flow suggests a soft EoS Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  42. Elliptic flow of D meson Simulations: Shingo Sakai (PHENIX) (See SQM2006, HQ2006 Talks and proceedings for details) • expected D meson v2 from non-photonic electron v2 (pT < 2.0 GeV/c) The D meson not only flows, it scales over the measured range Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  43. KET/n scaling across collision centralities KET/n scaling observed across centralities Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  44. KET/n scaling and system size (AuAu/CuCu) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  45. Different influence for partonic flow Hadronic re-scattering can influence the flow Pre vs. post hadronic collectivity ? Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  46. Why the φ meson ? • φ meson has a very small σ for interactions with non-strange particles • φ meson has a relatively long lifetime (~41 fm/c) -> decays outside the fireball • Previous measurements have ruled out the K+K- coalescence as φ meson production mechanism -> information should not be changed by hadronic phase • φ is a meson but as heavy as baryons (p, Λ ) : m(φ)~1.019 GeV/c2 ; (m(p)~0.938 GeV/c2: m(Λ)~1.116 GeV/c2) -> very important test for v2 at intermediate pt ( mass or meson/baryon effect?) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  47. Elliptic flow of resonance particles Before subtraction Signal + Background Background After subtraction Using the robust method for study the elliptic flow of resonance particle developed by N. Borghini and J.Y. Ollitrault (Phys.Rev.C70:064905,2004) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  48. Elliptic Flow of φ meson at RHIC v2 for the φ follows that of other mesons v2/n vs KET/n scaling clearly works for φmesons Favors pre-hadronic scenario ! Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  49. The Charm of D meson flow Heavy quark relaxation time Moore & Teaney Equilibration rate Diffusion Coefficient V2 of charm quark can provide invaluable access to the diffusion coefficient (D) Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

  50. Overall Scaling of Elliptic Flow at RHIC Particles flow with common velocity field Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Hot & Dense Matter in the RHIC-LHC era, Mumbai, Feb 12 - 14, 2008

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