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PEACE THEOLOGY 101

PEACE THEOLOGY 101. LECTURE 1. PEACE THEOLOGY 101. Introduction to Peace Theology.

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PEACE THEOLOGY 101

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  1. PEACE THEOLOGY 101 LECTURE 1 PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  2. PEACE THEOLOGY 101 Introduction to Peace Theology. This course will help the students to appreciate and to evaluate a biblical understanding and contemporary practice of Peace Theology. Such evaluation will be done within the framework of social sciences and informed from the perspective of biblical theology. The students will be intellectually, emotionally, and volitionally involved in the current discussions on the meanings, proposals, and tasks of Peace Theology. PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  3. INTRODUCTION AND TANAKH ORIENTATION PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  4. ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  5. TANAKH ORIENTATION NEVI’IM. The Prophets (נְבִיאִיםProphets) 6. (יהושעY'hoshua) - Joshua 7. (שופטיםShophtim) - Judges 8. (שמואלSh'muel) - Samuel (I & II) 9. (מלכיםM'lakhim) - Kings (I & II) 10. (ישעיהY'shayahu) - Isaiah 11. (ירמיהYir'mi'yahu) - Jeremiah 12. (יחזקאל Y'khezqel) - Ezekiel 13. The Twelve Prophets (תרי עשר) a. (הושעHoshea) - Hosea b. (יואלYo'el) - Joel c. (עמוס Amos) - Amos d. (עובדיהOvadyah) - Obadiah e. (יונהYonah) - Jonah f. (מיכהMikhah) - Micah g. (נחוםNakhum) - Nahum h. (חבקוקHavakuk) - Habakkuk i. (צפניהTs'phanyah) - Zephaniah j. (חגיKhagai) - Haggai k. (זכריהZ'kharyah) - Zechariah l. (מלאכיMal'akhi) - Malachi PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  6. TANAKH ORIENTATION TORAH. The Torah (תּוֹרָה literally "teaching“). (בראשיתBereshit) Genesis 2. (שמותShemot) Exodus 3. (ויקראVayikra) Leviticus 4. (במדברBamidbar) Numbers 5. (דבריםDevarim) Deuteronomy PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  7. TANAKH ORIENTATION KETUVIM (כְּתוּבִים Writings") 14. (תהליםTehillim) - Psalms 15. (משליMishlei) - Proverbs16. (איובIyov) - Job 17. (שיר השיריםShirHashirim) – Song of Songs 18. (רות Rut) - Ruth19. (איכהEikhah) - Lamentations20. (קהלתKohelet) - Ecclesiastes21. (אסתר Esther) - Esther 22. ((דניאלDani'el) - Daniel 23. (עזרא ונחמיה Ezra v'Nechemia) Ezra-Nehemiah24. (דברי הימיםDivreiHayamim) Chronicles (I & II) PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  8. YAHWEH IS A WARRIOR What does it mean for biblical theology that Yahweh is a warrior? PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  9. 1. YAHWEH AS WARRIOR A. CHARACTERISTICS OF YAHWEH’S WAR: PROPHET-LED. The fundamental paradigm was miracle, not human-made weapons. YAHWEH WAS THE KING. The people’s leader was not a violent, divinely-appointed hero. The political structure was “prophetic.” BASIS WAS YAHWEH’S CHARACTER. It was directed not only against Israel’s enemies but at times against Israel herself. PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  10. 1. YAHWEH AS WARRIOR B. WORKING THROUGH PRIMARY HISTORY WITHIN BIBLICAL TEXTS PRIMARY HISTORYGenesis - 2 Kings:: contains oldest traditions of warfare:: provides foundation for understanding warfare in biblical writings SECONDARY HISTORYChronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  11. 1. YAHWEH AS WARRIOR C. WAS THE MIRACULOUS NATURE OF HOLY WAR DERIVED FROM HISTORICAL EVENTS? TYPE A: No, the miraculous nature of Holy War was not derived from historical events.Schwally, Pedersen, Von Rad, & Miller TYPE B: We disagree with those Type A scholars above with our respective varying reasons.Smend, Glock, Stolz, Weippert PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  12. FRIEDRICH SCHWALLY 1844-1918 Completed his PhD in Old Testament Studies1888; in 1889 he obtained a teaching credential for Religion, Hebrew and German; did a comparative method in his study of ancient warfare :: Observed that all ancient peoples claimed the gods’ participation in their battles; because the gods’ fought, the warriors were to fight all the harder. Within ancient Israel, the claim was that divine help made it unnecessary for the warriors to fight :: Ascribed this to late Judaic historical writing because of its interest in edification, exaggerated the importance of faith in divine help… (Derheilige Krieg imalten Israel, Leipzig,1901) TYPE A PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  13. JOHANNES PEDERSEN 1883-1977 He was a noted theologian and linguist. Pedersen believed that "objective thought, that is to say, inactive, disinterested thought" does not exist in most instances. Pederson was committed to the assumption that the full social context is necessary to understanding written texts. Among ancient peoples, Pedersen observed, weapons alone did not decide the issue in warfare. “…it was infinitely of greater importance that those who were to use them possessed the proper psychic force and the efficiency of the weapons themselves in the battle depended on their consecration and consequent pervasion by holiness.” “By a very slight change the narrator has created quite a new picture of war out of the old elements.” (Israel, It’s Life and Culture III-IV, London, 1934, pp.1-32) TYPE A PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  14. GERHARD VON RAD 1901 - 1971 He was a German Lutheran pastor, University professor and an Old Testament scholar. With the experience of two World Wars, the German-speaking world began to turn "anti-Old Testament". Disturbed by this, Rad turned to the study of the Old Testament and gradually started to bring back its message. His lively papers achieved a renewal of interest and research in Old Testament studies. :: According to Von Rad, the emphasis on miracle in those narratives that excludes or downgrade the value of human fighting is not historical but theological in origin. :: Von Rad maintained that this emphasis arose from the changed situation during the time of Solomon (due primarily to the “enlightenment,” the impact of the international wisdom literature upon Israel). (Derheilige Krieg imalten Israel, Göttingen,1952) TYPE A PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  15. PATRICK D. MILLER, JR. Patrick D. Miller is Charles T. Haley Professor of Old Testament Theology Emeritus at Princeton Theological Seminary in New Jersey. He is the author of numerous books, coeditor of the series Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching and the Westminster Bible Companion series, and served as editor of Theology Today for twenty years. “As the centuries passed and the tradition grew, there came a tendency to ascribe the victory solely to the miraculous intervention of Yahweh apart from any participation of the people, but in the early period of Israel’s history there was no such abdication on the part of the people.” (The Divine Warrior in Early Israel, 1973, p.156.) TYPE A PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  16. RUDOLF SMEND 1851-1913 He was a German theologian who was born inLengerich, Westphalia. He was an authority on constitutional and ecclesiastical law. :: He interpreted the spiritualization of war narratives as a later rewriting, but he argued that this revision was not a case of theologizing in a vacuum, but rather of theologizing based upon a foundational covenant event (Sinai) in tension with the foundational war event (the exodus) that had occurred at the very beginning of Israel’s history as individual clans. (Jahwekrieg und Stämmebund, 1963, pp. 134f.) TYPE B YAHWEH IS A WARRIOR

  17. A. GLOCK TYPE B A. Glock finished his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in 1968. :: Mari existed 600 years before Israel – progress in war technology symbolized by the horse and chariot :: Glock claimed that Israel’s failure to emply these contemporary weapons was not merely a result of political necessity, but represented a deliberate, conscious choice, a form of resistance to a caste system and to monarchy. (Warfare in Mari and Early Israel, Michigan,1968) PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  18. FRITZ STOLZ 1942-2001 A German biblical scholar and orientalist and a professor of general history of religion and religious studies at the Theological Faculty of the University of Zurich . He was one of the most famous German scholars of religion. :: He claimed that the idea of divine power as contrasted with human powerlessness originated not in Israel’s political experience with the superior power of the Canaanites, but rather in the pre-Israelite cult of Jerusalem inherited by David.” (Jahwes und Israel’s Krieg, Zurich,1972, p. 7) TYPE B PEACE THEOLOGY 101

  19. MANFRED WEIPPERT 1965-68 Administrator of a scientific assistant inGöttingen, Tübingen; in 1968-71 and in 1971 PhD and Habilitation in Tübingen; in 1971-76 research assistant and lecturer at Tübingen; in 1976-83, full professor of Semitic languages ​​at Utrecht in 1983 ; currently Full Professor of Old Testament theology in Heidelberg. :: He noted that outside of Israel as well as within, victory was often expressed not as an action of the army but as an action of the gods alone. :: According to him, Yahweh in an incomparable measure was the god of the people, the “God of Israel.” (Heilieger Krieg’ in Israel und Assyrien, 1972, pp. 460-493.) TYPE B PEACE THEOLOGY 101

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