Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Revolution and Enlightenment

2. Medieval scientist did not make observations of the world and nature, rather they relied on ancient authorities. People such as Aristotle. • This changed in the 1400 and 1500’s, European scientists adopted new views and methods. • Technical problems, like calculating how much weight a ship could hold, spurred a movement towards observation and measurement.

3. New instruments like the telescope and microscope made fresh observations and discoveries possible. • The study of mathematics in the Renaissance contributed to the important role mathematics had in the scientific achievements of the 16th and 17th centuries. • The scientist of the day believed the secrets of nature were written in the language of mathematics.

4. Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton-developed new theories become foundation of Scientific Revolution. A Revolution in Astronomy • Ptolemy was antiquity’s greatest astronomer. • Ptolemaic system: belief that the universe was geocentric. (Earth is the center) • He believed everything else was Heaven.

5. Nicholas Copernicus disagreed with Ptolemy. He believed the universe was heliocentric. (Sun is the center) • German mathematician Johannes Kepler also helped destroy the Ptolemaic system. He confirmed the elliptical orbits of the planets. • Galileo Galilei also confirmed one of Ptolemy’s views were wrong. He was the first to say the planets were made of material rather than orbs of light.

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7. The Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his views because his views contradicted that of the Church and the Bible. • Isaac Newton, a professor at the University of Cambridge, published his views in the book Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) • He defined the three laws of motion. The universal law of gravitation was crucial to his view.

8. Descartes and Reason • Rene’ Descartes strongly reflects the Western view of humankind that came from the Scientific Revolution. • He asserted that he was only sure of one thing, his own existence. • “I think, therefore I am” He separated mind and matter. He believed the mental world and material world were two different realms.

9. Descartes has been called the father of modern rationalism. • This system of thought is based on the idea that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

10. The Seven Years War • The struggle between Britain and France in the 1700’s became known as the Great War for Empire. • The greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’ War took place in North America. • The French had colonies in Canada and Louisiana. They were mainly trading posts. • The 13 British colonies were well established and were very prosperous.

11. The French and British fought battles in Canada and the Ohio River valley. • The Native Americans sided with the French because they viewed the French only as traders. They viewed the British as settlers. • The British scored a series of land victories and France made peace. • In 1763 the Treaty of Paris transferred Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi to Britain. Spain also gave Florida to Britain and received Louisiana from France. This made Britain the world’s greatest colonial power.

12. Bell Work Describe your philosophy on life.

13. Britain and British North America • The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into being in 1707, when the governments of England and Scotland united. • The monarch and Parliament shared power in the 18th century. • Parliament had the power to make laws, levy taxes, and pass the budget. • The Hanoverians took power in 1714. George I was the first Hanoverian king.

14. The middle class of Britain wanted the trade empire expanded. • One place for expansion was North America. Britain controlled Canada and the 13 colonies on the east coast of the present United States. • The colonies did not want the British government to control their affairs.

15. The American Revolution and The Birth of a New Nation • After the Seven Years’ War, Britain needed more revenue from the colonies. • In 1765 Parliament imposed the Stamp Act. • Printed material (newspapers, legal documents, etc.) had to have a stamp on it showing that a tax had been paid to Britain. • The act was repealed in 1766, after strong opposition.

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17. The American colonies and Great Britain came to blows at Lexington and Concord in 1775. • The Declaration of Independence declared the colonies’ intent to become independent. • France, Spain, and the Netherlands helped the American colonies against the British. • After winning the Battle at Yorktown (1781) the Americans had finally defeated the British. The Treaty of Paris (1783) officially recognized the independence of the American colonies.

18. It took a while for the 13 states to agree to become a unified country. • The Articles of Confederation was too weak to deal with the new nation’s problems. • A new proposed Constitution would create a federal system. Where power is shared between national and state governments. • Divides government into three branches: the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative.

19. The promise of a Bill of Rights aka(also known as) 10 amendments also helped get the Constitution adopted. • These 10 amendments guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly. • They also gave Americans the right to bear arms and to be protected from unreasonable search and seizures. • They also guaranteed a trial by jury, due process of law, and the protection of property rights.