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Advanced Metering Tools for Building Energy Use

Advanced Metering Tools for Building Energy Use. Christopher Dent DENT Instruments 541.388.4774 www.DENTinstruments.com Columbia River Chapter Association of Energy Engineers October 8, 2012. Whom Am I?. President of DENT Instruments, Inc.

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Advanced Metering Tools for Building Energy Use

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  1. Advanced Metering Tools for Building Energy Use Christopher Dent DENT Instruments 541.388.4774 www.DENTinstruments.com Columbia River Chapter Association of Energy Engineers October 8, 2012

  2. Whom Am I? • President of DENT Instruments, Inc. • Degrees in Astronomy, Physics, Mechanical Engineering • Licensed Professional Engineer in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering • Designer of DENT Products • In Energy Research since 1978 www.DENTinstruments.com

  3. Who Is DENT Instruments? • Manufacturer of Metering and Data Logging Products • Founded in 1988 in Bend, Oregon • 20 Employees • Manufacturing in OR, TX, Asia & Europe • Customer Base Includes Utilities, Fortune 500, Governments, Military • 30% of Sales Are International www.DENTinstruments.com

  4. What Does DENT Make? • Permanent Mount Meters – PowerScout Series • Test & Measurement Meters – ELITEpro SP(ESP), SMARTloggers • Meters are found on Aircraft Carriers, Nuclear Submarines, Space Shuttle Launch Platform, Elevators in the Empire State Building, Electric Cars • In 50 States and on 7 Continents www.DENTinstruments.com

  5. Electricity 101What’s a Volt? What’s an Amp? • Meters only measure two things: Volts & Amps. Everything else (kWh, PF, VARs) is a mathematical construct. • Think of a wire as a water hose • Volts = the water pressure, psi • Amps = the water flow rate, gpm www.DENTinstruments.com

  6. Electricity 101What’s a Watt? • Watts are Powerand is the rate of doing useful work • Watts = Instantaneous Volts X Amps • Watts can be thought of as heating 1,000 Watts = 1 Kilowatt (kW) • KWHs are Energy and is the amount of useful work done www.DENTinstruments.com

  7. Electricity 101What’s a VA? • VA = V (true or rms) X A (true or rms) (1,000 VA = 1 kVA 1,000,000 VA = 1 MVA) • VA is not a “real” physical value, is not measured directly, and must be calculated • VA includes power factor and harmonics. • VA is used to size wires and transformers www.DENTinstruments.com

  8. Electricity 101What’s a VAR? • VAR = Volt-Amps Reactive • VARs are power (like kW) but do no useful work • VARs occur in reactive systems, e.g., motors, transformers, capacitors • VARs are “real” and can be measured directly • VARs = Bad www.DENTinstruments.com

  9. Electricity 101What is Power Factor (PF)? • Power Factor = Phase (time) Difference Between the Volts and Amps • Power Factor = W / VA or W/√(W² + VAR²) • PF varies from -1 to +1 but is typically ~ -.9 to ~+.4 (Note: -.99 ≈ +.99!) • Two kinds of Power Factor: • Displacement (Excludes Harmonics) • Apparent (Includes Harmonics) www.DENTinstruments.com

  10. Electricity 101Power Factor Cont’d. • Low Power Factor (<.98 or so) = Bad • Makes higher utility bills • Causes heating in wiring, motors, switch gear, and transformers (“K Rated”) • Contributes to line losses in distribution systems • Reduces capacity of distribution systems www.DENTinstruments.com

  11. Electricity 101What are Harmonics? • Harmonics are “Noise” on the Electrical System • Harmonics are caused by Non-Linear Loads (Amps not proportional to Volts) that distort the smooth Sine wave • Waveform distortions caused by Harmonics predominantly occur on the current waveform, not the voltage waveform • Harmonics are calculated using Fourier Analysis www.DENTinstruments.com

  12. Waveforms • Sinusoidal Waveform – No Harmonics • Non-Sinusoidal Waveform – With Harmonics www.DENTinstruments.com

  13. Electricity 101Power Parameter Relationships • Power (right) Triangle • VA2 = W2 + VAR2 • dPF = W/√(W2 + VAR2) “Displacement PF” does not include Harmonic currents • aPF = W / VA (= Cosine Φ) “Apparent PF” includes Harmonic currents www.DENTinstruments.com

  14. Electricity 202How Utilities Bill • In Descending Frequency: • Energy: Kilowatt-hours, kWh • Demand: Kilowatts, kW • Power Factor or VARs • Time-Of-Use: TOU kWh • Interval kWh • kVA or kVAh www.DENTinstruments.com

  15. Average Rates By State www.DENTinstruments.com

  16. Electricity 202How Utilities Bill: Demand, kW • Highest Average 15 Minute Draw (kW) in the Month • Demand charges typically range from 20-40% of the total monthly bill of C&I customers • Units are $/kW www.DENTinstruments.com

  17. Electricity 202How Utilities Bill: PF or VARs • VARs do no useful work but, • VARs require larger wires, breakers, service entrances, feeders, transformers, etc. so, • Utilities bill for it • Sometimes also called “Power Factor Penalty” charges www.DENTinstruments.com

  18. Electricity 202How Utilities Bill: TOU kWh • Cost of providing energy is different at different times of the day • Time-Of-Use billing takes that into account • TOU rates can be daily (mid-day v. night) or seasonal (summer v. winter) • Usually only for larger customers (except in CA) www.DENTinstruments.com

  19. Electricity 202How Utilities Bill: Interval kWh • Extreme version of TOU rates • Price of Kilowatt-Hours used changes every 15, 30, or 60 minutes • Not real common yet (California, Int’l) • Advantage: Reflects the spot price of electricity • Requires sophisticated metering (e.g., ELITEpro SP) www.DENTinstruments.com

  20. Electricity 202How Utilities Bill: kVAh • KiloVolt-Amp Hours • Not very common (yet?) • New electronic meters can measure • Advantage is that kVAh includes Harmonics and Power Factor as well as kWh www.DENTinstruments.com

  21. Electricity 303Electrical Systems • Common Voltages are: • Low Voltage 110 – 480 V (measured directly) • Medium Voltage 4 kV – 24 kV (requires a PT) • High Voltage > 24 kV (requires a PT) • Common Currents are <5 to >5,000 A (Usually measured with “current transformers” or CTs) • Line Frequency is 60 Hz (cycles per second) www.DENTinstruments.com

  22. Electricity 303Electrical Systems • Common Electrical Services are: • 1 Phase, 2 Wire (110V, Receptacle) • 1 Phase, 3 Wire (110/220V Residential) aka “Split Phase” • 3 Phase, 3 Wire (208 or 480V Commercial loads & motors) aka “Delta” • 3 Phase, 4 Wire (208/120V Small Com & 480/277V Large Com & Industrial) “Wye” www.DENTinstruments.com

  23. Electricity 303Single Phase • 1 Voltage (Typically 110V between L1 & N) www.DENTinstruments.com

  24. Electricity 303 Three Phase Four Wire “Wye” • 2 Voltages: Phase to Phase or Phase to Neutral, 480/277V or 208/120V, 120o Phase Shift www.DENTinstruments.com

  25. Electricity 404Metering: Basic Ideas • There are only two items that can be measured: Volts and Amps • Everything else is calculated by the meter! • Voltages up to 600V are usually measured directly • Voltages >600V are measured with Potential Transformers (PTs) www.DENTinstruments.com

  26. Electricity 404Metering • Current (Amps) can be measured directly up to ~5 Amps in some meters • More often, Current is measured using a Current Transducer or Current Transformer (CT) that turns a dangerous high current into a safe, low voltage www.DENTinstruments.com

  27. Electricity 404Metering: Example CTs www.DENTinstruments.com

  28. Electricity 404Metering • All Power Meters have inputs for both (and only) voltage and current • Power meters internally compute Watts, VARs, VA, and Power Factor • Power Meters have real-time clocks to track when power is being used • Storing the values over time gives kWh, kVARh, kVAh, and average PF www.DENTinstruments.com

  29. Meters & Metering • ELITEpro SP: A portable, 7 channel, interval recording, polyphase power meter • Suitable for single phase to 3 phase 4 wire Power & Energy measurement www.DENTinstruments.com

  30. ELITEpro SP Meter PhaseChek™ Lights Indicator Lights for Two Digital I/O Ports Communication/ Logging On Light www.DENTinstruments.com

  31. ELITEpro SP Panels for Bluetooth, WiFi, Cell communication options www.DENTinstruments.com

  32. ELITEpro SP Voltage connections www.DENTinstruments.com

  33. Setting Up The ELITEpro SP™ • Determine the voltage service type – number of phases, number of wires, voltage, current levels • Service type specifies the number of CTs and voltage connections needed www.DENTinstruments.com

  34. Setting Up The ELITEproSP™ • Launch ELOG (software) and create a Setup Table (Configuration File) • Determine the data collection (integration) interval • Determine and Configure the meter Channels and Recording Parameters • Check that there is sufficient memory for the recording time (Determine Length of Metering Period) www.DENTinstruments.com

  35. Setting Up The ELITEproSP™ • Connect the Meter to PC with USB or RF • Set Logger Clock • Download Setup Table www.DENTinstruments.com

  36. Setting Up The ELITEproSP™ • Connect CTs to Load Wires—watch orientation (Use Typical Setup Pics) • Connect ESP Voltage Leads • Use PC to view readings in real-time and verify proper connections • Close comm connection with meter, Disconnect PC cable from meter www.DENTinstruments.com

  37. 1 Phase 2 Wire Setup Table www.DENTinstruments.com

  38. Connect Meter www.DENTinstruments.com

  39. Display Real-Time Values www.DENTinstruments.com

  40. Fun With Waveforms… www.DENTinstruments.com

  41. …And Harmonics www.DENTinstruments.com

  42. Retrieving Data From the ESP • Connect the PC to the Logger using USB or RF • Retrieve Data with • Specify a Data File Name and Destination Folder or use defaults www.DENTinstruments.com

  43. Sample Data File www.DENTinstruments.com

  44. Making Sense of the Data • ELOG Analysis Features • Data File Trimming • Graphs • Summary Statistics • Special Analysis Features • Export the Data for Further Analysis www.DENTinstruments.com

  45. Create A Graph www.DENTinstruments.com

  46. The Real World:Calculating Savings • First, Understand the Electric Bill • Second, Measure All the Parameters In the Bill • Third, Collect Energy Data Before and After any Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) • Fourth, Use ELOG to Download and Filter the Data • Fifth, If Needed, Export the Data to Excel for Additional Analysis www.DENTinstruments.com

  47. Tips & Tricks • Always Verify Installation Before Leaving the Site! • Use Real-Time Values Display • Do the Numbers Make Sense? • Compare to External References • Digital Voltmeters (DVM) • Clamp-on Ammeters (e.g., Amprobe) • Clamp-on Power Meters (e.g., Fluke 41) • AutoPoll program for unattended data downloads (included with ELOG) www.DENTinstruments.com

  48. Safety • Rubber Gloves with Leather Outer Shell • “One Hand, One Wire” • Rubber Mat • Goggles • Especially 480V Systems (or higher)! • Try to Stuff the meter inside the Cabinet and Close It www.DENTinstruments.com

  49. Permanent Metering • PowerScout 3, 18, 24, 48 • Multi-Circuit Monitoring • Meters are meant to be left at the site indefinitely • Usually part of a Building EMS or Controls System • Sometimes standalone www.DENTinstruments.com

  50. Typical Customers • Wal-Mart, Walgreens, Wendy's • Large C & I • Military Bases & Government • Shopping Malls • Multi-Tenant Commercial Buildings • Apartments www.DENTinstruments.com

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