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Absolute zero

Absolute zero. Karina Aliaga. What is absolute Zero?. Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the kinetic energy of particles in matter. It depends on the oscillations of atoms and molecules.

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Absolute zero

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  1. Absolute zero Karina Aliaga

  2. What is absolute Zero? • Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the kinetic energy of particles in matter. It depends on the oscillations of atoms and molecules. • As an object is cooled, the oscillations of its atoms and molecules slow down. For example: Water (Steam, Water, Ice) • In all materials there exists a point at which all oscillations are the slowest they can possibly be. • This point is called “Absolute Zero.”

  3. Gay-Lussac’s Law • In 1802, a French scientist, Gay-Lussac made a major discovery related to finding Absolute Zero. • The pressure of a fixed mass and fixed volume of a gas is directly proportional to the gas’s temperature. • Absolute zero occurs at the temperature where the pressure is Zero.

  4. How do we find absolute zero? • Scientists believed that by liquefying gases, extremely low temperatures could be reached. • Michael Faraday was able to liquefy Cl2 and NH3 under certain pressures. However he could not liquefy O2, N2 and H2 regardless of the amount of pressure he exerted. • In 1873, Van der Waals explained that these gases needed to be cooled below a critical temperature in order to use pressure to liquefy them. • 1st Oxygen liquefies at 90 K • 2nd Nitrogen liquefies at 77 K • 3rd Hydrogen liquefies at 20 K • In 1895, Helium was discovered! • In July 10, 1908, KamerlingOnnes liquefied He at 4.2 K only a few degrees away from Absolute Zero!

  5. Getting Close to Absolute Zero • Helium liquefies at 4.2 K, however it can be cooled down to 2 K where a fraction of the liquid becomes a superfluid. Superfluidis a zero viscosity fluid which will move rapidly through any pore in the apparatus. • In the 1920s, quantum theory continue to evolve. Atoms don’t always have to behave like individual atoms since sometimes they can behave like waves or a combination of both particles and waves. • Einstein predicted that at temperatures very close to absolute zero there existed a new state of matter that followed the quantum rules called Bose-Einstein Condensation. • In Bose-Einstein Condensate atoms lose their individual identities and form coherent matter.

  6. The Race Towards Absolute Zero • June 5, 1995, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman from MIT achieved Bose-Einstein Condensate by using a laser beam on Rb. 5000 K Sun 4 K Helium Liquefies 1000 K Metals Melt 10-3 K Ultra Cold Refrigerator 10-6 K Laser Cooling 10-9 K Magnetic Cooling 300 K Room Temp.0 K ABSOLUTE ZERO 100 K Air Liquefies 20 K Hydrogen Liquefies

  7. The Experiment OBJECTIVES: • To study the relationship between pressure and temperature of a gas sample. • Determine from the data and graph, the mathematical relationship between pressure and absolute temperature of a confined gas. • Find a value for absolute zero from the given data.

  8. Procedure • Obtain materials required for the experiment and set them up. • Prepare the Temperature Probe and Gas Pressure Sensor for data collection. • Open the experiment “07 Pressure-Temperature” from the Chemistry with Vernier folder of Logger Pro. • Pour 800 mL of hot tap water into beaker 1. Record the pressure and temperature. • Pour 800 mL of room temperature water into beaker 2. Collect and record data. • Pour 800 mL of ice cold water into beaker 3. Collect and record data. • Using Logger Pro, click on the “curve fit” button to obtain the graph.

  9. Data/Observations • From the experiment performed, three data points were obtained. By using Logger Pro or performing mathematical calculations the following is found: Predicted Value for Absolute Zero

  10. Data/Observations

  11. Conclusion • To this date, no scientist has been able to reach absolute zero. However, many have been able to reach 10-9 K of proximity. • By using a very simple and accessible set-up such as the Logger Pro, we can predict the magnitude of absolute zero to a satisfactory accuracy. For example, in this experiment our predicted value is 2.181 K. • In addition, Gay Lussac’s Law was observed since the experiment demonstrated a direct linear relationship between temperature and pressure.

  12. Future Research on Absolute zero • Upon reaching such a close proximity of absolute zero by finding the Bose-Einstein Condensate, scientists are beginning to investigate where they could implement their findings. • Ideas: • Use the Bose-Einstein Condensate to slow down light. • Ultra cold atoms could be used to store information in the future. • Creation of quantum computers.

  13. Works Cited “Chemistry with Vernier.” Vernier Software & Technology. <http://ww.vernier.com/cmat/cww.html/>. "Hyper Physics." 2005. Helium. <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/lhel.html>. "Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics." 2007. Quantum Dynamics: Bose-Einstein Condensate. <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mpq.mpg.de/cms/mpq/en/departments/quanten/homepage_cms/projects/bec_logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mpq.mpg.de/cms/mpq/en/departments/quanten/homepage_cms/projects/index.html&usg=__G95TFh2kjiaszcfBxE6uMGjzRP>. "NOVA." The Conquest to Absolute Zero. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zero/>.

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