INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS An Undergraduate Course for Students of Politics and Law Chen Jianfeng Ph.D & Professor of IR Email: jfchen@shupl.edu.cn/jfchen@staff.shu.edu.cn

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Aims The course: 1.provides students with an introduction to International Relations 2. allows better understanding of the IR framework, concepts, context & historical & current issues.

3. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The Students Have to: 1.Prestudy the text. 2.Ask questions in class. 3.Participate in Class Discussions. 4.Fulfill Class Presentations.

4. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The Instructor Has to: 1.Interpret major points and issues. 2.Answer questions. 3.Guide students� study by focusing on offering students methods rather than knowledge.

5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Examination 1.Open-book exam 2.Closed-book exam 3.Essay-type exam

6. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Grading 1.Scores students earned in class cover 30% of the total. 2.Scores students earned in the final exam cover 70% of the total.

7. Chapter 1: Understanding IR I. The Study of IR (Picture on p.2) The field of IR concerns the relations among nations, connected with other actors (IOs, MNCs & individuals); with other social structures (economics, culture & domestic politics); and with geographical & historical influences. (2nd para, p. 3)

8. Chapter 1: Understanding IR II. IR & Us �All the world�s a stage, and all the men and women merely players� (As You Like It by Shakespeare). No Exit for anybody. We are all part of the drama on world stage and are affected by it and we should try to play a role in determining the course of the dramatic events that affect our lives.

9. Chapter 1: Understanding IR Examples: Wars, Economic or Financial Crises, Disease/epidemic and etc. When Adolf Hitler threatened Czechoslovakia in 1938, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain would not help & told his countrymen �Czechoslovakia is a faraway country about which we know little.� Britons agreed. But within two years, as bombs fell on London, Chamberlain's thesis was disproved. Little or large, far or near, Czechoslovakia did matter.

10. Chapter 1: Understanding IR III. IR as a Field of Study IR=Int�l politics (war & peace) + Int�l economy (conflict/Disputes & cooperation) p. 4-5

11. Chapter 1: Understanding IR IV. Theories & Methods 1.Theories (Figure 1.1, p.7)

12. Chapter 1: Understanding IR 2.Methods-Three Levels of Analysis (Table 1.1, p.15): 1) System level analysis--a worldview that takes a "top-down" approach to analyzing global politics. This level theorizes that the world's social economic-political structure and pattern of interaction strongly influence the policies of states and other international actors.

13. Chapter 1: Understanding IR International System is anarchic. The World System is also structured as Core� Semi- periphery-- Periphery Areas ??? (p.468-470) The world is theoretically divided into 9 regions. (Figure 1.2, 9 regions, p.18)

14. Chapter 1: Understanding IR 2) State level analysis--a view in which the concern is with the characteristics of an individual country and the impact of those traits on the country's behavior. This level theorizes that states are the key international actors. Therefore, understanding how states as complex organizations decide policy will lead to understanding how international politics operates.

15. Chapter 1: Understanding IR 3) Individual-level analysis--a view in which the focus is on people. This level argues that in the end people make policy. Therefore, understanding how people decide will lead to understanding how international politics operates. ?????????,?????????????,???????? (e.g. Iraq War)

16. Chapter 1: Understanding IR V. Actors (Which is the major actor, the nation-state or the UN? ) 1. State Actors (See pp.18-23) There are around 200 nation states varying greatly in size of territory, population & economy, from microstates to great powers. Major (Great) Powers: (Figure 2.1, p.81) the USA, Russia, China, the EU (the UK, Germany, France), Japan, India, Brazil

17. Chapter 1: Understanding IR 2. Non-State Actors 1) Substate Actors: interest groups within a state 2) Transnational Actors: A. MNCs (Multinational Corporations) B. NGOs (Nongovernmental Organizations): Catholic Church, Greenpeace, International Olympic Committee�

18. Chapter 1: Understanding IR 3) IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations), whose members are national government: the UN and its agencies, WTO, the World Bank, IMF, OPEC, SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), ASEAN �

19. Chapter 1: Understanding IR VI. Evolution of the World System (p.24-49) The world system: anarchic. The Structure of the System: power is distributed and arranged according to the actors� (sovereign states) power capabilities. (See pp.81-83)

20. Chapter 1: Understanding IR Key Terms p. 51 Issue for Analysis Interpret Iraq War according to 3 Level Analysis Issue for Debate Debate: Globalization-Vanishing State Sovereignty (See pp.52-53)

21. Chapter 2: Power Politics I. Realism & Idealism

22. Chapter 2: Power Politics II. Leading Realists 1. Sun Wu: Sun Zi 2. Han Fei: Han Fei Zi 3. Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War 4. Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince 5. Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan 6. Hans Morgenthau: Politics Among Nations 7. Kenneth Waltz: Theory of International Relations

23. Chapter 2: Power Politics III. Defining Power Power in int�l politics is like the weather. Everyone talks about it, but few understand it, like love� easier to experience than to define or measure (Nye 1990). Power can be understood to equal national capabilities that enable a state to achieve its goals even when they clash with the goals of other int�l actors. Power is not free, but costly. (Security dilemma)

24. Chapter 2: Power Politics 1. Tangible Power: those can be measured such as population, industrial and agricultural outputs, number of war ships, tanks, aircrafts and soldiers. 2. Intangible Power: those cannot be measured easily such as leadership and reputation or Soft Power as Nye put it: �the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than through coercion.� (Smart Power)

25. Chapter 2: Power Politics 3. Determinants of Power National Core National Infrastructure National Economy National Military

26. Chapter 2: Power Politics 1) The National Core (1) Physical Characteristics A. Geopolitics Friedrich Ratzel (1897/the father of the Geo-Politics/a Social Darwinist): the state is a product of organic evolution, an organism attached to the land like a tree. The more territory it gets, the healthier it would be.

27. Chapter 2: Power Politics So it is natural & desirable for the healthy �Space Organism� to add to its strength through territory expansionism. The growing state will tend to absorb the less successful ones & will also aim to expand into what is strategically & economically the most valuable territory.

28. Chapter 2: Power Politics Alfred T. Mahan (1890/Seapower): world power was determined by control of the seas and by acquisition of colonies for that purpose. Mahan�s theory supported both British, German and American imperial expansion.

29. Chapter 2: Power Politics Halford Mackinder (1919): classified Europe, Asia and Africa as the �World Island� with the Eurasian �heartland� at its center. Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island Who rules the World Island commands the World.

30. Chapter 2: Power Politics B. National Geography Location Size and Shape Topography Climate

31. Chapter 2: Power Politics (2) People Population Age Distribution Educated and Healthy Population

32. Chapter 2: Power Politics (3) Government Administrative Competence Leadership Skills (Bargaining & Leverage; Strategy Making) Reputation

33. Chapter 2: Power Politics 2) The National Infrastructure (1) Technological Sophistication Hitch Export Computing Capacity Application for Patents Educational Level

34. Chapter 2: Power Politics (2) Transportation Systems Transportation Network Information & Communications Capabilities

35. Chapter 2: Power Politics 3) The National Economy Financial Position (GNP, Int�l Reserve, the Balance of Payments, the Budget Surplus or Deficit of the Central Government) Natural Resources Industrial Output Agricultural Output

36. Chapter 2: Power Politics 4) The National Military Levels of Spending Quality vs. Quantity Quality of Personnel & Leadership Morale

37. Chapter 2: Power Politics 4. Game Theory (pp.71-73) The Prisoner�s Dilemma (PD Game) 4=Go Free; 3=2 yrs; 2=5 yrs; 0=10 yrs

38. Chapter 2: Power Politics A zero sum game Red chooses action 2 and Blue chooses action B. When the payoff is allocated, Red gains 20 points and Blue loses 20 points.

39. Chapter 2: Power Politics 5. Balance of Power (pp.77-78) In int�l relations, a balance of power exists when there is parity or stability between competing forces. As a term in international law for a 'just equilibrium' between the members of the family of nations, it expresses the doctrine intended to prevent any one nation from becoming sufficiently strong so as to enable it to enforce its will upon the rest.

40. Chapter 2: Power Politics Within a balance of power system, a state may choose to engage in either balancing or bandwagoning behavior. In a time of war, the decision to balance or to bandwagon may well determine the survival of the state.

41. Chapter 2: Power Politics 6. Hegemony (pp.83-86) Definition on p.83

42. Chapter 2: Power Politics 7. Alliances (pp.86-94) Definition (p.86) NATO (1949) (map on p.91) Warsaw Pact (1955) Nonalignment Movement Many third world countries led by India, Yugoslavia, China were standing apart from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry. (Nonalignment = Alignment)

43. Chapter 2: Power Politics 8. Clash of Civilizations The Theorist Samuel Huntington/ a highly influential and controversial theorist The Related Works Clash of Civilizations 1993 Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order 1996

44. Chapter 2: Power Politics The Concept * Traditional sources of state conflict receding Territory, economic benefits, ideology * Politics of identity replacing politics of interest * Main competing groups no longer states, classes or ideologies but civilizations

45. Chapter 2: Power Politics * Defined by common ancestry, values, language, and/or religion * Major civilizations Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Western, Slavic-Orthodox, Islam Latin America and Africa candidates for civilization

46. Chapter 2: Power Politics Key Terms p. 96 The Issue for Debate: Does �Clash of Civilizations� Exist?

47. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics I. Liberalism Man: not evil, but rational and moral. State: not a unitary actor and can operate as a community rather than merely as an autonomous self-help /interested agent. (Aim: Security) International System: thanks to morality, law & norms, int�l organiza- tions & interdependence, peaceful & cooperative relations among nations are possible. Pic, p.103

48. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Different Concept about �Power� Realism: Power is a means as well as an end; power over others. Liberalism: Power is only a means; power to accomplish desirable ends such as common interests, collective goods.

49. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics 1. Leading Liberals Confucius: Morality/Refining Self/ order Mo Zi: Universal Love/Trading for Benefit Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace Woodrow Wilson: 14 points/the League of Nations Robert Keohane/Joseph Nye: Power & Interdependence

50. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics 2. International Regimes A very vague concept Rules, norms, regulations and procedures set up by actors and also govern actors. They are formed in response to a need to coordinate behaviors among countries around an issue. WTO, IMF, Bretton Woods System, IAEA and etc. P.106-107

51. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics 3. Hegemonic Stability Main concept: The stability of the International System requires a single dominant state to articulate and enforce the rules of interaction among the most important members of the system. (bipolar or multipolar system is not stable.)

52. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics To be a Hegemon, a state must have three attributes: The Capability to enforce the rules of the system The Will to do so A Commitment to a system which is perceived as mutually beneficial to the major states

53. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Capability rests upon 3 attributes: A large, growing economy Dominance in a leading technological or economic sector Political power backed up by strong military power (Roman Empire, Ancient China, Pax Britannica, Pax Americana)

54. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics 4. Collective Security Concept: The formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an int�l system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor. The union should safeguard the collective interests of all nations together against the narrow self-interest of one nation that might otherwise profit from aggression.

55. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Examples: Japan invaded China, Italy invaded Abyssinia, Germany annexed Czechoslovakia� Such Organizations: the League of Nations, the UN, the Organization of American States, the Arab League, the Organization of African Unity� (NATO & the Warsaw Pact are organizations for collective defense????, not for collective security.?????????)

56. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics New Meanings: Common Security or Mutual Security is the new notion that because the security of all states, enemies as well as friends, is interdependent, the insecurity of one state makes all states les secure. �As states became more closely connected economically & culturally, it was useless & wasteful to arm against each other, especially with nuclear weapons.

57. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics II. Feminism Concept: Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with the traditional focus of IR on states, wars, diplomacy and security, but have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global politics & economy.

58. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Difference Feminism stresses that men and women are essentially very different beings. Because of their greater experience with nurturing & human relations, women are seen as potentially more effective than men in conflict resolution as well as in group decision making. Men are inherently the more warlike sex, and women the more peaceful.

59. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Liberal Feminism Liberal feminism, also known as "mainstream feminism," asserts the equality of men and women through political and legal reform. It tends to have a neutral vision towards different gender; it requires that women should be included in the positions of power in IR but doesn't believe women would change the nature of int�l system. Women are not more peaceful than men and sometime tend to be more warlike.

60. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Postmodern Feminism rejects male-female structure: male is �just warrior� while female �beautiful soul�. p.124.

61. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics III. Constructivism Concept: Constructivism primarily seeks to demonstrate how many core aspects of international relations are, contrary to the assumptions of Neorealism and Neoliberalism, socially constructed, that is,

62. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction. Constructivists reject realist assumptions about state interests, tracing those interests in part to social interactions & norms. (State is like a human individual. Culture, social structure, language are all factors influencing state behaviors.) p.126-127.

63. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Alexander Wendt ["Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics" (1992) /Social Theory of International Politics (1999)] calls two increasingly accepted basic principles of Constructivism:

64. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics (1) that the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and (2) that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature.

65. Chapter 3: Alternatives to Power Politics Key Terms p. 139 Issue for Debate: What caused Arab-Israeli Conflict?

66. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy I. Foreign Policy 1. Concept: Foreign policies are strategies that governments use to guide their actions toward other states. The foreign policy process is the set of procedures and structures that states use to arrive at foreign policy decisions and to implement them.

67. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy 2. Objectives: National interests which are also the bases of making foreign policy. Core objectives Long term objectives Short term objectives

68. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy China: five principles of peaceful coexistence- Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty; Mutual non-aggression; Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs; Equality and mutual benefit; Peaceful co-existence. USA: Global Hegemony- (Security, democracy, economy)

69. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy II. Decision Making (Figure 4.1, p.145) 1. Model of Decision Making: Rational Model: decision makers calculate the costs & benefits of each possible course of action, then choose the one with the highest benefits & lowest costs. (Kennedy�s resolution of Cuban Missile Crisis) p. 146.

70. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy Organizational Process Model: decisions result from routine administrative procedures. (The vast majority of cables???????????? are handled low level decision makers who apply general principles.)

71. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy Government Bargaining Model: decisions result from negotiations among governmental agencies with different interests in the outcome. (2008 Beef Crisis in South Korea/Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade-Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry)

72. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy 2. Factors influencing Decision Making: Individuals are the only true actors in foreign policy making. Every int�l event is the result, intended or unintended, of decisions made by individuals. The actions of individual decision makers are influenced by their personalities, values, and beliefs as well as by common psychological factors that diverge from rationality. (Picture on p.148)

73. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy These factors include misperception, selective perception (taking in only some kind of information), emotional biases, and cognitive biases (the limitations of human brain in choices/???????,????). * During crises, the potentials for misperception and error are amplified.

74. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy Different Government Agencies perceive int�l events differently, so they have their own influences on foreign policy. (Ministry of Defense is more likely hardliner than Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

75. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy Interest groups have distinct interests in foreign policies and often organize politically to promote those interests. (lobbying/ American Jewish/picture on p.157)

76. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy Public opinion influences governments' foreign policy decisions, but governments also manipulate public opinion. (The 4th power/Media influence policy making while government manipulate media.)

77. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy The Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) is coined by President Eisenhower in his farewell speech. He warned that the military-industrial complex was gaining �unwarranted(???) influence� in U.S. society and that militarization could erode democracy in the U.S.A.

78. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy A Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) is a concept commonly used to refer to policy relationships between governments, national armed forces, and industrial support they obtain from the commercial sector in political approval for research, development, production, use, and support for military training, weapons, equipment, and facilities within the national defense and security policy. It is a type of �iron triangle�. p. 159. (Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union, the USA)

79. Chapter 4: Foreign Policy Key Terms p. 167 Issue for Debate: What should be the most important factor in states� making foreign policy decisions?

80. Chapter 5: International Conflict I. The Causes of War 1. Theories about War The Individual Level: Man was born evil/Original sin/The Law of the Jungle ("every one for himself" and "anything goes survival of the strongest/a war of every man against every man)/a means to settle conflict.

81. Chapter 5: International Conflict The State Level: Marxists--the aggressive & greedy capitalist states were prone to use violence in int�l conflicts. Capitalists--communist states were prone to use violence. Liberals--democratic states didn�t use violence against each other. Anthropologists-preagricultural societies were prone to warfare./?????

82. Chapter 5: International Conflict *Thus the potential for warfare seems to be universal across cultures, types of society, and time periods- although the importance and frequency of war vary greatly from case to case.

83. Chapter 5: International Conflict The System Level: New power was born in bloodshed in the shift of hegemon or in a situation that the balance of power is imbalanced. ???????:?????????????,???????�??�???????????,?????????????? Kondratieff Cycles (long economic waves/ developed by Schumpeter) are 40-60 years, averagely 50 years� duration.

84. Chapter 5: International Conflict Cycle of Wars: largest wars come once in about 100 years.

85. Chapter 5: International Conflict *War once was seen as a normal way to resolve disputes but now is considered distasteful because it is not very effective in today�s highly complex, interdependent world; and it is because today�s military technology is too powerful to use in most conflicts, which is especially applicable to nuclear weapons.

86. Chapter 5: International Conflict 2. Conflict of Interest 1) Territorial border disputes [land, waters, airspace, outer space], including secession Figure 5.1,p.181 2) Conflicts over who controls national governments 3) Economic conflicts over trade, money, natural resources, drug trafficking, and other economic transactions. p.176-187

87. Chapter 5: International Conflict * Territorial Waters UNCLOS; EEZs, Figure 5.1,p.181

88. Chapter 5: International Conflict

89. Chapter 5: International Conflict

90. Chapter 5: International Conflict

91. Chapter 5: International Conflict

92. Chapter 5: International Conflict

93. Chapter 5: International Conflict 2. Conflict of Ideas 1) Ethnic Conflicts ?the Balkans, Rwanda (Tutsi vs. Hutu fused by Rwanda�s president & Hutu president of Burundi�s plane shot down/1994/1 millions killed in months) and Kurd (figure on p.188)? Picture on p.189

94. Chapter 5: International Conflict 2. Conflict of Ideas 2) Religious Conflicts (India-Pakistan, Israel-Palestine, the Balkans ) pictures on p.193, 194; Islamic Revolutions, p.488 3) Ideological Conflicts (USSR vs. USA and their regimes in the Cold War)

95. Chapter 5: International Conflict II. Types of War 1. Civil War: War within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for the entire state or some territorial part of it. 2. War among States Hegemonic War (world war/global war /general war) is a war over control of the entire world order.

96. Chapter 5: International Conflict Total War is warfare waged by one state to conquer & occupy another, with the entire society mobilized for the struggle and the entire society of the enemy considered a legitimate target. (Iraq War in 2003, and many examples in WWII)

97. Chapter 5: International Conflict Limited War includes military actions carried out to gain some objective without conquering the enemy�s government & occupying its territory. (Gulf War in 1991, China-Vietnam War in 1979)

98. Chapter 5: International Conflict 3. Terrorism It refers to political violence that target civilians deliberately & indiscriminately to fear (terror). (al Qaeda, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, ETA�)

99. Chapter 5: International Conflict

100. Chapter 5: International Conflict State-sponsored Terrorism refers to the use of terrorist groups by states-usually under control of the state�s intelligence agency-to achieve political aims. (1988 Pan Am flight 103 bombed over the Scottish countryside, sponsored by Libyan intelligence agents)

101. Chapter 5: International Conflict Key Terms p. 208 Issue for Debate: Is terrorism a result of �Clash of Civilization�? (One man�s terrorist is another man�s hero.)

102. Chapter 6: Military Military forces provide states with means of leverage beyond the various nonmilitary means of influence widely used in international bargaining.

103. Chapter 6: Military History has only recorded roughly 300 years of known peace on our planet - leaving thousands of years open to conflicts of varying degrees. Interestingly enough, that mostly unknown fact enlightens us to recognize that there has been some source of conflict - be it religious, ethnic, territorial or otherwise - between two or more parties on our planet consistently for thousands of years.

104. Chapter 6: Military I. Major Military Powers (Various Rankings) National Review, USA, 2008: 1 U.S.A.2 Russian Federation3 People�s Republic of China4 Germany5 Great Britain 6 France 7 Japan8 DPRK /India9 Israel 10 South Korea

105. Chapter 6: Military II. Military Expenses

106. Chapter 6: Military World 2007 Military Expenses ($100 million) World Total: 11,643 1. USA: 532,8 2. UK: 661 3. France: 646 4. Germany: 575 5. Japan: 460 (est.) 6. China: 455 (est.) 7. Russia: 324 8. Italy: 321 (est.) 9. Saudi Arabia: 313 10 India 213

107. Chapter 6: Military III. Number of Active Troops per Country

108. Chapter 6: Military IV. Estimated World Nuclear Stockpiles Five nuclear weapons states from the NPT Countries Warheads Year of 1st Test United States 4,075 / 5,535 1945 Russia (�USSR) 5,200 / 8,800 1949 United Kingdom >200 1952 France <350 1960 China 160-400 1964

109. Chapter 6: Military Non-NPT nuclear powers India 100-140 1974 Pakistan ~60 1998 North Korea 0-10 2006 Undeclared nuclear weapons states Israel 100-200 unknown or 1979

110. Chapter 6: Military ????????????LGM-118A????????????????????????,?????,??????25??????????????

111. Chapter 6: Military V. States Ranked by Fleet Strength 1. USA2. Russia 3. UK4. Japan5. France6. India7. China8. Germany9. Italy10. Spain

112. Chapter 6: Military States Ranked by Aircraft Carriers (excluding helicopter carriers) 1. USA 12 2. UK 2 3. Italy 2 4. Russia 1 5. France 1 6. India 1 7. Brazil 1 8. Thailand 1 9. Spain 1

113. Chapter 6: Military VI. States Ranked by Air Force 1. USA2. Russia 3. France4. Israel5. Japan6. UK 7. Germany8. China9. India 10. South Korea /Turkey

114. Chapter 6: Military VII. Hitch- War: the Gulf War Changed the Trend of World Military Development Precision Bombing ,,

115. Chapter 6: Military Key Terms p. 251 Issue for Debate Does Might (??) or Right (??/??)make Right (??)?

116. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law International anarchy is balanced by world order�rules and institutions through which states cooperate for mutual benefit. World order has always been grounded in power, but order mediates raw power by establishing norms and habits that govern interactions among states. Not all states, especially superpowers, follow the rules�both moral norms and formal international laws.

117. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law I. Roles of Int�l Organizations Int�l Organizations (IOs) includes: Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs /about 500) in global, regional or bilateral scope such as the UN, the World Bank, the OPEC, the EU, the ASEAN� Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs/ over 10,000) such as Greenpeace, the Int�l Air Transport Association, the Int�l Olympic Committee�

118. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law Int�l organizations, with the UN at the center of the institutional network, establish and enforce int�l norms, regulations and laws in order to mediate tension among states and govern the int�l system. Int�l organizations are not always successful in carrying out their duties for various reasons.

119. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law II. The United Nations The UN was founded in 1945 in San Francisco by 51 states. In 1950s-1960s, the UN�s membership more than doubled as colonies in Asia & Africa won independence. It has about 200 members now. In 1971, P.R. of China replaced Taiwan & became one of 5 permanent members, and Taiwan is one province of China.

120. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law 1. Purposes of the UN The UN is not a central government of the world and in some ways provides remarkable global-level management & in other ways appears helpless against the sovereignty of even modest-sized states, not to mention great powers.

121. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law The basic purpose is to provide a global institutional structure through which states can sometimes settle conflicts with less reliance on the use of force.

122. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law The UN Charter is based on the principles that states are equal under int�l law; that states have full sovereignty over their own affairs; that states should have full independence & territorial integrity; & states should carry out their int�l obligations�such as respect diplomatic privileges, refraining from committing aggression, & observing the terms of treaties they sign.

123. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law 2. Structure of the UN UN Structure -Figure 7.1, p.261 Assembly of Equals -Picture, p.262 Security Council -Picture, p.266 SC Members -Table 7.1, p.268 Keeping the Peace -Picture, p.269 and Table 7.2, p.270

124. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law III. International Law 1. Concept: International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards, differing from other legal systems in that it concerns nations rather than private citizens.

125. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law It also differs in the difficulty of enforcement, which depends not on the power or authority of central government but on reciprocity, collective action, & int�l norms.

126. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law 2. Sources of Int�l Law: Treaties and other written conventions Custom General Principles of Law Legal Scholarship (the written arguments of judges & lawyers around the world on the issues in question)

127. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law 3. The World Court (Int�l Court of Justice) The World Court (15 judges; 9 years term; elect 1/3 judges every 3 years), located in Hague, Netherlands, settles disputes among nations. It hears grievances of one state against another but cannot violate state sovereignty in most cases. It is an increasingly useful avenue for arbitrating relatively minor conflicts.

128. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression, although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. (for individuals only, Omar Beshir, but impotence to sovereign state)

129. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law As of January 2009, 108 states are members of the Court. A further 40 countries have signed but not ratified the Rome Statute. However, a number of states, including China, Russia, India and the United States, are critical of the Court and have not joined.

130. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law * 1998?7?17?????????????????�????????�,?????????????????�????� (Rome Statute) ??????????????????,?�????�??????????,??????????,??�????�???????????????,?????????,???????????????.

131. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law 4. Just War Doctrine Just War theory is a doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin, studied by moral theologians, ethicists and international policy makers which holds that a conflict can and ought to meet the criteria of philosophical, religious or political justice.

132. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law The just war theory has two sets of criteria: the right to go to war; and the right to conduct within war Principles of Just War Just causes Legitimate Authority Probability of success Last resort (????) �

133. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law IV. Human Rights Human rights refers to the �basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled�, including civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, such as the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education.

134. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law Int�l Norms on human rights Humanitarian Law (The Geneva Conventions/ adopted in 1949) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR/??????1948)

135. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law Int�l Bodies on human rights Security Council Human Right Council (created at the 2005 World Summit to replace the United Nations Commission on Human Rights) Other Bodies such as Human Rights Committee, Committee on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination� (7 bodies)

136. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law Different Emphases on Human Right Man was born free, but everywhere in chains. -- Rousseau Developed Nations--political rights & property rights Developing Nations� rights to food, work, education

137. Chapter 7: Int�l Organization & Law Key Terms p. 296 Issue for Debate Who is more powerful in the int�l system, the USA or the UN?

138. Chapter 8: Trade I. Theories 1. Marxism emphasized labor as the source of economic (trade) surplus. The surplus created by labor should be recaptured by workers. Imperialists & colonialists maximize their interests in trade by exploiting other nations.

139. Chapter 8: Trade 2. Mercantilism is a term to describe the system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. This system dominated Western European economic thought and policies from the 16th to the late 18th centuries. The goal of these policies was to achieve a �favorable� balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment.

140. Chapter 8: Trade During the mercantilist period, military conflict between nation-states was both more frequent and more extensive than at any other time in history. The armies and navies of the main actors were no longer temporary forces, but were full-time professional ones. Each govern- ment�s primary economic objective was to command a sufficient quantity of hard currency to support a military that would deter attacks by other countries and aid its own territorial expansion.

141. Chapter 8: Trade 3. Liberalism holds that by building int�l organization, institutions & norms, nations, even in a state of anarchy, can mutually benefit from economic exchanges. Unlike mercantilism focusing on relative gains, it matters little to liberalism whether one state gain more or less than another--- just whether the state�s wealth is increasing in absolute terms, which is called absolute gains. Pareto Optimality figure 8.1, p. 303

142. Chapter 8: Trade II. Globalization is the widening, deepen- ing and speeding up of worldwide inter-connectedness in all aspects of contem-porary social life, including expanded int�l trade, telecommunications, monetary coordination, transnational production, technical & scientific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new types & scales, migration & refugee flow, & relations between the world�s rich & poor countries.

143. Chapter 8: Trade 1. The Driving Force of Globalization: Comparative advantage ? ? Int�l distribution * David Richardo & Comparative Advantage (p.307) 2. The Agents or Media of Globalization: Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

144. Chapter 8: Trade 3. Anti-globalization Globalization, even though having brought growth & prosperity, is also widely criticized for reasons such as: States lost authority to supranational institutions such as IMF, MNCs � State sovereignty is in erosion. The North-South gap is increased. (�The 4th World�) World economic integration is fragmented by regional integration.

145. Chapter 8: Trade 4. Regional Integration is a process in which states enter into a regional agreement in order to enhance regional cooperation & to reduce risks in the process of globalization through regional institutions & rules & by removing barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labor, goods, and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict .

146. Chapter 8: Trade Examples of Regional Integration EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, USAN (Union of South American Nations), CCCM (Caribbean Community & Common Market), WAEC (West African Economic Community) �

147. Chapter 8: Trade 5. Differences between Globalization and Regional Integration Globalization is worldwide; nature- oriented (profit) & its main actors are MNCs. Regional Integration happens within particular regions. It is planned (by actors) & its main actors are governments.

148. Chapter 8: Trade III. Protectionism 1. Concept A variety of policies states take to strengthen certain domestic industries & shelter them from world markets are known as protectionism. (Buy American/America & hire American in the USA in 2009)

149. Chapter 8: Trade 2. Motivations Protect important domestic industries & interests (industries & interests groups; picture on p.320) Protect infant industries Help domestic industries through transition when market condition shift or new competitors arrive

150. Chapter 8: Trade Protect industries considered vital to national security (Electronic & computer industries crucial to military production) Defensive effort to ward off predatory practices by foreign industries or states

151. Chapter 8: Trade 3. Results Protectionist policies tend to slow down the global creation of wealth but do help the particular industry in question.

152. Chapter 8: Trade IV. Trade Barriers A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including the following terms that include many restrictions in international trade within multiple countries that import and export any items of trade.

153. Chapter 8: Trade Import duties Import licenses Export licenses Import quotas Tariffs Subsidies Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs ) (All kinds of quotas, technical barriers �) Embargo

154. Chapter 8: Trade V. Balance of Trade is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports in an economy over a certain period of time. A posi- tive balance of trade is known as a trade surplus and consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance of trade is known as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade consists of a goods and a services balance. (Figure 8.2, p.315)

155. Chapter 8: Trade VI. Trade Regimes Trade regimes are the common expectations governments have about the rules, norms and regulations for int�l trade. Many overlapping int�l trade regimes have developed since WWII.

156. Chapter 8: Trade VI. Commodity Structure of World Trade by Region Table 12.1, p. 469

157. Chapter 8: Trade The World Trade Organization (WTO) The WTO (Geneva, Switzerland/153 members), formerly the GATT (1947), is the most important multilateral global trade agreement. The GATT was institutionalized in 1995 with the creation of the WTO, which expanded the focus on manufactured goods to consider agriculture and services. Intellectual property is another recent focus.

158. Chapter 8: Trade In successive rounds of GATT negotiations over fifty years, states have lowered overall tariff rates, especially on manufactured goods. The Uruguay Round of the GATT, completed in 1994, added hundreds of billions of dollars to the global creation of wealth. The Doha Round began in 2003 but had not concluded an agreement by now.

159. Chapter 8: Trade Although the WTO provides a global framework, states continue to operate under thousands of bilateral trade agreements specifying the rules for trade in specific products between specific countries.

160. Chapter 8: Trade Key Terms p. 338 Issue for Debate America�s Commitment to Free Trade: A Hollow Promise?

161. Chapter 9: Money and Business I. Int�l Currency Exchange Gold and silver were once used as world currencies that had value in different countries. Today's system is more abstract: National currencies are valued against each other through exchange rates. These currencies have no inherent value but depend on people's belief that they can be traded for future goods and services.

162. Chapter 9: Money and Business 1. Convertible Currency Currency that can be quickly and easily bought and sold for other currencies. Some governments may place limits on the convertibility of their currencies. The US$, Euro & Yen are examples of currencies that are fully convertible.

163. Chapter 9: Money and Business 2. Fixed Exchange Rate (Pegged exchange rate) A country's exchange rate regime under which the government or central bank ties the official exchange rate to another country's currency (or the price of gold). The purpose of a fixed exchange rate system is to maintain a country's currency value within a very narrow band so as to stabilize its value.

164. Chapter 9: Money and Business Following the devastation of World War II, the Bretton Woods system allowed all the 44 Allied nations of latter World War II to have fixed exchange rates until 1970 with the US dollar.

165. Chapter 9: Money and Business 3. Floating Exchange Rate Currency exchange rate which is determined by free market forces, rather than being fixed by a government. The rates are now commonly used for world�s major currencies. Major int�l currency markets are New York, London, Zurich, Tokyo, Hong Kong.

166. Chapter 9: Money and Business * Governments often prefer a low (weak) value for their own currency, as this promotes exports, discourages imports, and hence improves the state's balance of trade. However, a sudden unilateral devaluation of the currency is a risky strategy because it undermines confidence in the currency.

167. Chapter 9: Money and Business II. Brettoon Woods System The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states.

168. Chapter 9: Money and Business In July 1944, the 44 Allied nations signed the Bretton Woods Agreements at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, U.S.A. to set up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate commercial and financial relations among states. The planners established the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (now the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

169. Chapter 9: Money and Business Under the system, because the USA at the time accounted for 1/2 of the world's manufacturing capacity and held most of the world's gold, the leaders decided to tie world currencies to the dollar. Central banks of countries other than the USA were given the task of maintaining fixed exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar. (pegged to gold/$35 per ounce)

170. Chapter 9: Money and Business If a country's currency was too high relative to the dollar, its central bank would sell its currency in exchange for dollars, driving down the value of its currency. Conversely, if the value of a country's money was too low, the country would buy its own currency, thereby driving up the price.

171. Chapter 9: Money and Business This created the unique situation whereby the US$ became the "reserve currency" for the states which had signed the agreement. In the face of increasing strain, the system collapsed in 1971, following the United States' suspension of convertibility from dollars to gold. (By Nixon)

172. Chapter 9: Money and Business III. International Debt International debt results from a long time imbalance in capital flows�a state borrowing more than it lends�in order to cover a chronic trade deficit or government budget deficit. The result is that the net worth of the debtor state is reduced, and wealth generated is diverted to pay interest (with the creditor state' s wealth increasing accordingly). The richest state, the US, is the biggest debtor state.

173. Chapter 9: Money and Business IV. Multinational Corporations 1. No Exact Definition MNCs, increasingly powerful in international economic affairs, are large corporations that operate on a worldwide bases in many countries simultaneously, with fixed facilities & employees. Most of them are privately owned.

174. Chapter 9: Money and Business 2. Purposes of MNCs MNCs operate on a worldwide basis in many countries to maximize their profits by looking for comparative advantages and states with stable currencies and political environments in which to make direct investments.

175. Chapter 9: Money and Business MNCs also try to influence the int�l political policies of both their headquarters state and the other states in which they operate. Generally MNCs promote policies favorable to business�low taxes, light regulation, stable currencies, and free trade. They support stable int�l security relations, because war generally disrupts business.

176. Chapter 9: Money and Business 3. MNCs and Host Country Relations MNCs generally can�t operate in host states against the wishes of the governments for the host governments can regulate activities. Conversely, in order to attract MNCs and their investment, host governments generally can�t force MNCs to do business against MNCs� wishes.

177. Chapter 9: Money and Business 4. Home and Host Country Relations MNCs operations create a variety of problems & opportunities for both the home & host countries. Conflicts between the host government & the MNC may spill over to become an interstate conflict between the host & home government. The relations of economic & political interests lie between the 2 governments.

178. Chapter 9: Money and Business 5. Interdependence Strengthened Increasingly, MNCs headquartered in different states are forming int�l alliances with each other. These inter-MNC alliances, even more than other MNC operations across national borders, are creating int�l interdependence and promoting liberal int�l cooperation.

179. Chapter 9: Money and Business Key Terms p. 377 Issue for Debate MNCs: Engines of Modernization or Agents of Imperialism?

180. Chapter 10: International Integration I. Integration Theory It refers to the process by which supra- national institutions replace national ones�the gradual shifting upwards of sovereignty from nation-state to regional or global structure. The ultimate expression of integration would be the merger of several (or many) states into a single state.

181. Chapter 10: International Integration In fact, International integration�the partial shifting of sovereignty from the state toward supranational institutions�is considered an outgrowth (???)of international cooperation in functional (technical and economic) issue areas. We don�t see any political integration in political area due to the existence of nation-state.

182. Chapter 10: International Integration II. The European Union The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states in Europe. It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community. With almost 500 million citizens, the EU combined generates an estimated 30% share (US$16.8 trillion in 2007) of the world's nominal gross world product.

183. Chapter 10: International Integration 1. The Reason to Establish EU Conflicts & wars in Europe posed such a danger that French writer Victor Hugo was moved as early as 1876 to call for a supranational European Government in order to keep peace in the region. �What is happening in Balkans shows a need for a United States of Europe & there is no other political reality than that�.

184. Chapter 10: International Integration United to protect Europe from Soviet�s attack during the Cold War United to converge enough power to be independent from the US United to form a huge market so as to create a favorable economic & trade condition (The market in Europe used to be fragmented)

185. Chapter 10: International Integration 2. Members of EU 27 Member States See Figure 10.2, p.395

186. Chapter 10: International Integration EU Enlargement

187. Chapter 10: International Integration 3. History of EU April 18,1951 � the European Coal & Steel Community (ECSC) by 6 states; March 25, 1957� The Treaty of Rome �European Economic Community (EEC); Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community) by 6 states; July 1,1967� the Merger Treaty �ECSC + EEC + Euratom = European Community (EC)

188. Chapter 10: International Integration June 14, 1985 � Schengen Agreement � open borders without passport controls between most of member states Feb. 7, 1986 -- The Single European Act (SEA) -- the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single market and the European Political Cooperation

189. Chapter 10: International Integration Feb. 7, 1992 -- The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union, TEU) -- effective on November 1, 1993. It created the European Union and led to the creation of the euro, entered into force on Jan. 1, 1999. The treaty has been amended to a degree by later treaties.

190. Chapter 10: International Integration 4. Structure of EU The EU has 4 main institutions: The Council of EU (The Council of Ministers) The European Commission The European Parliament The European Court of Justice

191. Chapter 10: International Integration The Council is the main decision-making body of the EU.�It meets regularly in Brussels or Luxembourg to discuss and agree policy and legislation.�The Council brings together heads of state and ministers from member countries, along with the President of the European Commission. Each�member state holds the Presidency of the Council for six months in rotation.

192. Chapter 10: International Integration The Commission is the administrative and executive body of the European Union. Its headquarters�are in Brussels. The Commission is charged with drafting initial proposals for legislation and policy for consideration by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. There are currently 27 Commissioners, one for each member state. The Commissioners serve for five years and are nominated by national governments.

193. Chapter 10: International Integration The Parliament consists of 732 MEPs (Members of the European Parliament) from each of the member states. MEPs are�elected for a five-year term. Working in Brussels and Strasbourg, the Parliament scrutinizes the activities of other EU institutions, passes the annual EU budget, and shapes and decides new legislation jointly with the Council of Ministers.

194. Chapter 10: International Integration The Court, having one judge from each member state, adjudicates on all legal issues and disputes involving Community law. The judges give a preliminary ruling (??) on each case before a final judgment. The Court deals with two main types of actions: those referred to it by national courts for rulings of interpretation of Community law; and those started by one of the other institutions.

195. Chapter 10: International Integration Key Terms p. 412 Issue for Debate: Can EU have one same voice?

196. Chapter 11: Environment & Population I. Interdependence & Environment Environmental problems are an example of international interdependence and often create collective goods problems for the states involved. The large numbers of actors involved in global environmental problems make them more difficult to solve. One earth,one home Natural phenomena have no political borders Globalization of economies, industries � Environmental crisis is global.

197. Chapter 11: Environment & Population To resolve such collective goods problems, states have used international regimes and IOs, and have in some cases extended state sovereignty (notably over territorial waters) to make management a national rather than an international matter.

198. Chapter 11: Environment & Population Two Major Themes A. Natural Resources-- Limited Resources (Collective Goods Dillema/Tragedy of the Commons/Fisheries) Q B. Environmental Protection-- Environment in Deterioration (Global warming, damage to the earth�s ozone layer, acid rain & many other ways of pollution are destroying our ecosystem.) Q

199. Chapter 11: Environment & Population II. Sustainable Development It is a major theme at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The Summit established the Commission on Sustainable Development & adopted the Framework Convention on Climate Change .

200. Chapter 11: Environment & Population Concept According to WCED (??????????), it is �development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.�

201. Chapter 11: Environment & Population It is to maintain a delicate balance between the human need to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generations depend.

202. Chapter 11: Environment & Population III. Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is the international plan to reduce greenhouse gas. 183 countries have agreed to work within the Kyoto Protocol. It sets targets for industrialized countries to reduce their pollution, and gives them flexibility as to how they can reach these targets.

203. Chapter 11: Environment & Population The Kyoto Protocol has established the international carbon trading market. The first commitment period (???) of the Kyoto Protocol runs from 2008 to 2012, and future commitment period targets are being negotiated now.

204. Chapter 11: Environment & Population Participation in the Kyoto Protocol * Green: Signed & ratified; Yellow: signed, ratification pending; Red: Signed, ratification declined; Gray:No-Signatory

205. Chapter 11: Environment & Population IV. Int�l Security and the Environment 1. Environment as a Source of Int�l Conflict Due to environment degradation and scarcity of natural resources such as oil, water & so on, competition for territory & resources can create conflicts among states. (Germany & Japan� �Living Space�; the Gulf War; Middle East confrontation�)

206. Chapter 11: Environment & Population 2. Extensive Economic Activities & Warfare Caused Environment Degradation All kinds of wars (2 World Wars; the Gulf War� � Nuclear Winter� radioactive fallout) Pressure from extensive economic activities in the North Pressure from Population Growth in the South

207. Chapter 11: Environment & Population V. Population and Int�l Conflict World population�now at 6.6 billion�will reach 8 billion by 2030 and may eventually around 9 to 10 billion in the next 200 years. (Figure 11.3, p.442)

208. Chapter 11: Environment & Population V. Population and Int�l Conflict Population pressures do not cause, but do contribute to, a variety of international conflicts, including ethnic conflicts, economic competition, and territorial disputes.

209. Chapter 11: Environment & Population 1. Growing population put more strain on resources. Population growth leads state to expand outwardly in search for resources such as water, food, land, petroleum �

210. Chapter 11: Environment & Population 2. Migration & refugees are a recurrent source of interstate conflict. For instance, illegal immigration from Mexico to the USA caused tension between the 2 countries. (Table 12.3, p.486) Russian fabricated a �Population Threat from China� in the Siberian region.

211. Chapter 11: Environment & Population 3. Demographics (????/????) can exacerbate ethnic conflicts , which in turn often fuel int�l conflicts. For instance, growing Muslim population changed the demographic structure (between Christian), which caused the Lebanese civil war & pulled in Syria, Israel, & the USA in the early 1980s.

212. Chapter 11: Environment & Population Key Terms p. 455 Issue for Debate Does Overpopulation Threaten the World Order?

213. Chapter 13: International Development I. What is Development It refers to the development of livelihoods & greater quality of life for humans. It therefore encompasses foreign aid, governance, healthcare, education, gender equality, disaster preparedness, infrastructure, economics, human rights, environment and issues associated with these.

214. Chapter 13: International Development Economic development refers to the combined processes of capital accumulation, rising per capita income, increasing skills in the population, adoption of new technological styles, & other related social & economic changes. It can be measured by per capita GDP.

215. Chapter 13: International Development II. Ways of Economic Development Market economy Planned economy Market economy with Chinese characteristics Import Substitution Export-oriented growth

216. Chapter 13: International Development III. Physical Development Rooted in the Development of Ideas Population pressure & resource scarcity do impede development, but Japan holds an exception. The developed society, developing society & underdeveloped society, how come? Why being exploited? (Subjective & Objective Reasons)

217. Chapter 13: International Development Three Revolutions of Minds/ Ideas 1. The Renaissance (14-16 cent.) 2. The Reformation (16-17 cent.) 3. The Enlightenment (18 cent.)

218. Chapter 13: International Development Key Terms p. 540 Issue for Debate Why is there the developed society, developing society & underdeveloped society?

219. Thank You &