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Computer Networking

广西医科大学. Computer Networking. 网络课件. 双语教学. 模拟实验. 计算机网络教研室. DI. 1. 2. 3. CHAPTER 6 DATA COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS. The first section. Exercises. Online lecture. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals. 6.1 INTREODUCTION

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Computer Networking

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  1. 广西医科大学 ComputerNetworking 网络课件 双语教学 模拟实验 计算机网络教研室

  2. DI 1 2 3 CHAPTER 6 DATA COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS The first section Exercises Online lecture

  3. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals • 6.1 INTREODUCTION • In this chapter,we will examine four transmission cases: • Transmitting analog signals on an analog circuit • Transmitting analog signals on an digital circuit • Transmitting digital signals on an digital circuit • Transmitting digital signals on an analog circuit www.gxmu.edu.cn

  4. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.2 DEFINITIONS OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL Signals that are continuous are called analog signals. Signals that have discrete values are called digital signals. 6.3 ANALOG SIGNALS 6.3.1 Analog Signals www.gxmu.edu.cn

  5. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.3.1 Analog Signals Figure 6-1 Analog wave of a typical voice signal. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  6. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.3.2 Signal Frequency Frequency (for sound waves) is the number of vibrations per second that cause the particular sound. This pure, simple signal is commonly diagrammed as a sine wave,as shown in figure 6-2. Each complete wave is called a cycle,and the frequency of the signal is the number of cycles that occur in one second.The unit of measure for frequency is the Hertz(HZ). www.gxmu.edu.cn

  7. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-2 Sine waves of differing frequencies. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  8. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-3 The frequency ranges of some common sounds. When referring to very high frequencies,we commonly use the designations kilohertz(KHZ)for thousands of Hertz,megahertz(MHZ)for millions of Hertz,andgigahertz (GHZ)for billions of Hertz,to more easily describe the frequencies. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  9. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-4 The frequency spectrum showing the common names applied to certain frequency ranges. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  10. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-5 A more detailed view of the frequency spectrum relevant to telecommunications. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  11. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-6 Common abbreviations for very large and very small quantities. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  12. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.3.3 Bandwidth The difference between the upper and lower frequency is called the bandwidth. For example: The FM radio band in the United States extends from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. Its bandwidth is 20MHZ. The guard channel or guard band provides a buffer area so that telephone conversations or data signals on adjacent circuits don’t interfere with each other. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  13. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-7 Bandwidth of a voice channel. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  14. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.3.4 Signal Amplitude Another characteristic of analog signals is their loudness, or amplitude. The amplitude of the signal is also called its level. Figure 6-8 Analog wave with constant frequency and varying amplitude. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  15. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.3.4 Signal Amplitude Analog signal level is measured in decibels (dB), which is a logarithmic ratio of signal input and output power. Because the dB is a logarithmic measure, doubling the strength of the signal increases its level by 3 dB. The mathematical formula for the relationship between power and signal strength is power out dB = 10 log10 ( ) power in www.gxmu.edu.cn

  16. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-9 The relative power of a signal measured in decibels. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  17. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.3.4 Signal Amplitude Crosstalk is interference that occurs when the signals from one communications channel interfere with those on another channel. The loss of signal strength between two points on a communication circuit is called attenuation. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  18. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-10 A signal loses strength as the distance it travels increases. This loss of strength is called attenuation. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  19. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.3.5 Signal Phase A signal’s phase is the relative position of the sine wave measured in degrees. Figure 6-11 Example of a phase shift. The three attributes of an analog signal discussed in the chapter are frequency, amplitude, and phase. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  20. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.4 ATTRIBUTES OF VOICE SIGNALS Normal speech is made up of sounds that have frequencies in the range of 100 to 6000 HZ, but most of the speech energy fall in the 300 to 3000 HZ range. Speech with frequencies above 3000 HZ is attenuated and not transmitted through the public telephone network. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  21. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.5 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(FDM) This technique of packing several analog signals onto a single wire (or other media) is called frequency division multiplexing(FDM). When FDM is employed,the signal’s frequency is shifted by equipment at the transmitting end and restored to its original frequency by similar equipment at the receiving end. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  22. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-12 Frequency multiplexed voice signals. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  23. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.6 MODULATION Changing a communication signal by altering its amplitude, frequency, or phase is called modulation. If the frequency is changed ,it is called frequency modulation(FM);changing the amplitude is called amplitude modulation(AM) and changing the phase is called phase modulation (PM). www.gxmu.edu.cn

  24. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-13 Amplitude and frequency modulation. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  25. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.7 CIRCUIT SIGNALING RATE The signaling rate is defined as the number of times per second that the signal on the circuit changes,whether in amplitude,frequency,or phase. The unit of signaling rate on a communication circuit is called baud. The signaling rate is measured in baud. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  26. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.8 CIRCUIT SPEED Circuit speed is defined as the number of bits that a circuit can carry in one second. Circuit speed is measured in bits per second (bps). www.gxmu.edu.cn

  27. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.9 DIGITAL SIGNALS The signal is made up of discreet,discontinuous voltage pulses.Each pulse represents one of the binary digits,either 1 or 0,which represents the coded data to be transmitted.This type of signal is called a digital signal. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  28. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-15 Digital signals. P93Manchester coding and differential Manchester coding,as known as bi-phase coding —— have become very widely used in digital transmission systems,including LANs. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  29. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.10 SIGNAL AND TRANSMISSION COMBINATIONS Figure 6-16 The four combinations of analog and digital signals and transmission techniques. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  30. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.10.1 Analog Transmission of Analog Signals The standard telephone is a device that converts analog data(sound) to an analog electrical signal that can be transmitted.At the other end of the connection,another telephone performs the reverse conversion,talking the incoming electrical analog and converting it to a sound(also analog) that the listener can hear. The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is an analog network. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  31. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.10.2 Digital Transmission of Analog Signals Figure 6-17 Quantization of an analog voice signal. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  32. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.10.2 Digital Transmission of Analog Signals An A/D converter converts analog signals to a digital format. The process of approximating the actual analog value signal voltage to the predetermined integer steps is called quantization. The difference between the exact height of an analog signal and the nearest integer value when a digitizing sample is taken is called quantizing noise or digitizing distortion . www.gxmu.edu.cn

  33. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.10.2 Digital Transmission of Analog Signals An D/A converter converts a digital format to analog signals. The name that is commonly applied to A/D and D/A converters in the communications world is a coder/decoder(codec). Pulse code modulation(PCM) is one relatively old technique for digitizing voice signals,it uses 256 integer values and samples the signal 8000 times per second. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  34. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-18 ADPCM codes the difference in signal strength in bits each time a sample is taken. The type of digital modulation that takes 8,000 samples per second but uses only 4 bits per sample to code the difference between the values of two samples is called adaptive differential pulse code modulation(ADPCM). www.gxmu.edu.cn

  35. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.10.3 Digital Transmission of Digital Signals Digital transmission,also called baseband transmission,is simply the transmission of the pulses of digital signal in the form of electrical pulses. A digital transmitter/receiver sometimes called a data server unit/channel server unit(DSU/CSU) ,and ensures that the signal entering a digital circuit has properly shaped, square pulses, and is precisely timed. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  36. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals A network interface card(NIC)provides the interface from a PC to a network.It is a simple kind of a digital transmitter/receiver . 6.10.4 Analog Transmission of Digital Signals Modems and DSU/CSU are called data circuit-terminating equipment(DCE).DCE provides the interface between DTE and the communications line. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  37. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11 MODEMS A modem (from modulation and demodulation) is a form of a A/D converter and a D/A converter. Figure 6-19 Location of modems in a communications system. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  38. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-20 Block diagram representation of a modem. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  39. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11 MODEMS Equalizer circuitry compensates for variability in the transmission line used. Fixed equalizers assume that a certain average set of parameters exists,and they shape the transmitted wave accordingly. Adaptive equalizers are used to adjust the transmission speed and other attributes to the actual parameters of the line being used. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  40. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11.1 How Modems Work Figure 6-21 Frequencies used by a slow-speed frequency shift keying（FSK） modem. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  41. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-22 Frequency modulation in a slow-speed FSK modem. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  42. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11.2 Phase Modulation(PM) Phase modulation is the technique of changing a analog signal’s phase in order to modulate it. Figure 6-23 Angles of a sine wave. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  43. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-24 Phase shifts. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  44. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-25 Phase shift keying (PSK). www.gxmu.edu.cn

  45. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals Figure 6-26 Differential phase shift keying (DPSK). www.gxmu.edu.cn

  46. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) QAM uses a combination of phase changes and relative amplitudes to generate quadbits. Figure 6-27   An example of the phase changes and amplitudes used in one type of modem that uses QAM. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  47. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11.4 Trellis Code Modulation(TCM) Trellis Code Modulation(TCM) is a specialized form of a QAM that codes the data so that many bit combinations are invalid. The current international standards for modems that are used on dial-up connections. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  48. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11.5 V.32 and V.32bis Modem Standards The ITU-T has published standard V.32,which specifies 9600bps,full-duplex operation using TCM with an echo cancellation technique. Standard V.32bis,a modem following the standard can transmit data on a dial-up or leased circuit at 14400bps. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  49. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals 6.11.6 V.33 Modem Standards The V.33 Standard defines modem transmission at up to 14400 bps on 4-wire leased circuit. 6.11.7 V.34 and V.34bis Modem Standards V.34 is the ITU-T standard for modems that operate at 28.8Kbps through a standard telephone line. V.34bis allow a higher data rate of 33.6Kbps,and is known as V.34+. www.gxmu.edu.cn

  50. Chapter 6 Data Communication Fundamentals V.34 and V.34bis assume that most of the data transmission occurs on digital lines and that analog lines are used only in the first and last parts of the connection-the local loops. 6.11.8 V.90 Modem Standards The ITU-T adopted the V.90 standard for 56 Kbps modems. V.90 technology assumes that at least one end of the communication line has a pure digital connection to the telephone network. An typical example is home connection to the Internet. www.gxmu.edu.cn

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