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Cross-Cultural Variations in Consumer Behavior. Different Cultures. Why are we studying this? “Americanization” of cultures. Culture. Culture features Comprehensive Acquired Complex Cultural Components Norms Cultural values Sanctions. Variations in Culture. Other-Oriented Values
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Different Cultures • Why are we studying this? • “Americanization” of cultures
Culture • Culture features • Comprehensive • Acquired • Complex • Cultural Components • Norms • Cultural values • Sanctions
Variations in Culture • Other-Oriented Values • Environmental-Oriented Values • Self-Oriented Values
Other-Oriented Values • Individual/Collective • Youth/Age • Extended/Limited Family • Masculine/Feminine • Competitive/Cooperative • Diversity/Uniformity
Environmental-Oriented Values • Cleanliness • Performance/Status • Tradition/Change • Risk-taking/Security • Problem Solving/Fatalistic • Nature
Self-Oriented Values • Active/Passive • Sensual Gratification/Abstinence • Material/Nonmaterial • Instrumental • Terminal • Hard Work/Leisure • Postponed/Immediate Gratification • Religious/Secular
Cultural Variations in Communication • Verbal Communication Systems • Nonverbal Communication Systems • Time • Monochronic • Polychronic • Space • Symbols • Friendship • Agreement • Things • Etiquette
Global Cultures • What caused them? • Global Demographics • Demographics • Purchasing power parity • Cross-Cultural Marketing Strategy
Considerations • Cultural homogeneity across the country • Needs of target market • Affordability of products to target market • Values of culture in terms of purchase and usage • Distribution, legal, and political structures • Communication of product • Ethical implications