Detail of mill girls operating looms (19th century).

1. National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844 Industrial growth, the expansion of slavery, and the development of nationalism and sectionalism change American society. Detail of mill girls operating looms (19th century). NEXT

2. National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844 SECTION 1 Early Industry and Inventions Plantations and Slavery Spread SECTION 2 Nationalism and Sectionalism SECTION 3 NEXT

3. Section 1 Early Industry and Inventions New machines and factories change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and early 1800s. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Early Industry and Inventions Free Enterprise and Factories • During Industrial Revolution factory machines replace hand tools • Manufacturing replaces farming as main form of work • Factory system brings workers, machines together under one roof Image NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Free Enterprise and Factories • People leave farms, move to cities where factories are located • Work for wages, have set schedules, way of life changes • War of 1812 leads U.S. towards industrialization • British blockade causes U.S. to manufacture goods previously imported NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Factories Come to New England • New England good place to set up successful factories because: - fast-moving rivers - ships and access to the ocean - willing labor force • Samuel Slater builds first spinning mill, hires entire families • Influences others to start mills, hire families • Family system of employment spreads throughout New England NEXT

7. SECTION 1 The Lowell Mills Hire Women • Francis Cabot Lowell builds factory in Waltham, Massachusetts (1813) • Uses power looms, factory is successful, builds factory town—Lowell Image • Lowell mills—textile mills in Lowell, employ farm girls, high wages • Girls follow strict rules, read books, publish literary magazine • Later factories run by powerful steam engines instead of water power • Allow factories to be built away from rivers and beyond New England NEXT

8. SECTION 1 A New Way to Manufacture • U.S. government hires Eli Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for army Image • Guns are made one at a time by gunsmiths, Whitney changes this method • Uses interchangeable parts, parts exactly alike, to make guns (1801) • Speeds up production, makes repairs easy, uses less-skilled workers • Requires close supervision, gives workers less independence NEXT

9. SECTION 1 Moving People, Goods, and Messages • Robert Fulton invents steamboat, puts Clermont on Hudson River (1807) • Clermont makes trip from New York to Albany and back in record time Image • Henry Miller Shreve designs a more powerful steam engine • Enables steamboats to travel upriver, against current Continued . . . NEXT

10. SECTION 1 Continued Moving People, Goods, and Messages • Samuel F. B. Morsefirst demonstrates the telegraph in 1837 Image • Enables people to communicate in seconds between cities • By 1861, telegraph lines span U.S., brings people closer as a nation NEXT

11. SECTION 1 Technology Improves Farming • John Deere invents steel plow (1836) - makes plowing Midwestern soil easier - more farmers move to Midwest • Mechanical reaper, threshing machine improves agriculture Image • Farmers feed factory workers, become market for factory goods • Growth of Northeastern textile mills increases Southern cotton demand NEXT

12. Section 2 Plantations and Slavery Spread The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for cotton cause slavery to spread in the South. NEXT

13. SECTION 2 Plantations and Slavery Spread The Cotton Boom • Eli Whitneyinvents cotton gin—machine that cleans cotton (1793) Interactive • Makes cotton cleaning more efficient, changes Southern life • Cotton plantations spread west, triggers a move westward • Planters grow more cotton than other goods, cotton exports increase Chart • Native Americans driven off land taken over for cotton plantations • Slaves from the east are sold to work on new cotton plantations NEXT

14. SECTION 2 Slavery Expands • From 1790 to 1860, cotton production increases greatly • As cotton earnings rise so does price of slaves • Expansion of slavery has major impact on South’s economy, people NEXT

15. SECTION 2 Slavery Divides the South • Slavery divides white Southerners into: - those who have slaves - those who do not • One-tenth of white families have plantations with 20 or more slaves Image • Most white Southern farmers have few, no slaves, but support slavery • Slavery has become necessary to increase profits NEXT

16. SECTION 2 African-Americans in the South • Slavery divides black Southerners into: - those who are enslaved - those who are free • Enslaved African-Americans are one-third of South’s population (1840) • Most work on plantations, some work as domestic servants, craftsmen • 8 percent of African-Americans in South are free (1840) • Some states make blacks leave after they gain their freedom • Most states do not permit free blacks to vote, receive education NEXT

17. SECTION 2 Finding Strength in Religion • Enslaved African-Americans rely on their culture to endure hardships • Culture filled with religious convictions, close personal bonds, music • Slaves express religious beliefs in folk songs—spirituals • Spirituals often contain coded messages about a planned escape NEXT

18. SECTION 2 Families Under Slavery • Some slaveholders separate families of enslaved people Image • Often slaves run away to escape separation, see family again • Marriages of enslaved people are not legally recognized • If family of enslaved people stay together, children live with mother NEXT

19. SECTION 2 Slave Rebellions • Two planned slave revolts are betrayed, leaders hanged • Nat Turner leads famous slave rebellion, Virginia (1831) Image • Turner, followers kill 55 white people • Turner’s men captured, 16 are killed, Turner caught, tried, hanged • Rebellion spreads fear in South • Pass harsh laws to control enslaved, free blacks NEXT

20. Section 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism Patriotic pride unites the states, but tension between the North and South emerges. NEXT

21. SECTION 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism Nationalism Unites the Country • President Madison presents plan, make U.S. economically self-sufficient • Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System: - establish a protective tariff - establish a national bank - improve U.S. transportation systems NEXT

22. SECTION 3 Roads and Canals Link Cities • U.S. builds National Road from Maryland to Illinois • Canals improve water transportation, Erie Canalis completed (1825) Map • Creates water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York • Opens Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region to settlers, stimulates trade • Increases nationalism by uniting 2 sections of the country • U.S. uses steam-powered trains (1830s), improves transportation NEXT

23. SECTION 3 The Era of Good Feelings • Democratic-Republican James Monroewins U.S. presidency (1816) • Political differences give way to Era of Good Feelings • Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal government, national unity • McCulloch v. Maryland, state cannot tax a national bank • Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal government controls interstate commerce NEXT

24. SECTION 3 Settling National Boundaries • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817): - limits British, U.S. forces on Great Lakes • Convention of 1818 sets 49th parallel as U.S.-Canadian border • Seminoles from East Florida raid Georgia to reclaim lands • General Andrew Jackson, troops enter Florida, capture Seminoles • Jackson claims Floridas for U.S., Monroe tells Jackson to withdraw • Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819: Spain hands Florida to U.S. Map NEXT

25. SECTION 3 Sectional Tensions Increase • Sectionalism—loyalty to section of a country rather than to nation • South relies on cotton, slaves; northeast on manufacturing, trade • In the West, settlers want cheap land, good transportation • Interests in these sections often conflict NEXT

26. SECTION 3 continuedSectional Tensions Increase • Missouri applies for statehood (1817), people in state want slavery • U.S. has 11 slave states, 11 free states • Adding Missouri as slave state would upset balance of power, Congress NEXT

27. SECTION 3 The Missouri Compromise • Nation argues over admitting Missouri as slave state or free state • Henry Clay suggests the Missouri Compromise(1820): - admits Missouri as slave state - admits Maine as free state - bans slavery in Louisiana Territory north of parallel 36º 30’ - keeps balance of power between slave states, free states Map NEXT

28. SECTION 3 The Monroe Doctrine • Some Latin American countries gain independence from Spain, Portugal • Some European monarchs plan to help Spain, Portugal regain colonies • U.S. fears their own government would be in danger • Russian colonies in Pacific Northwest almost reach San Francisco • President Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine (1823): - closes Americas to further colonization - warns against European efforts to reestablish colonies - promises U.S. stay out of European affairs NEXT

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