The Cold War: 1945 - 1960

1. The Cold War:1945 - 1960 Unit 12: The U.S. & the Cold War RUSH Mrs. Baker

2. Do-It-Now • What was the Cold War? • What were the causes of this new style of war?

3. The United Nations • International peacekeeping organization. • Plans made at Yalta conference for the United Nations Conference to be held in San Francisco in April 1945 • Stalin agreed to join in the planning of organization • U.S. Senate ratified the United Nations Charter 82 to 2. Peacekeeper

4. Structure of United Nations General Assembly Security Council • Includes all members • Discusses world problems • Votes on actions • Controls UN budget • 15 members • 5 permanent • U.S. Great Britain, China, France, & Russia • 10 rotating nations • Investigate situations that threaten peace • Sets UN policies • Works for peaceful settlement of disputes

5. A World Divides Democracyv.Communism

6. Communism vs. Capitalism Capitalism Communism • State controlled all property and economic activity • Established a totalitarian government with no opposing parties • Private citizens controlled almost all economic activity • People elected a president and a Congress from competing political parties

7. The Truman Years (1945 – 1952) Containment

8. Growing Tension • Although U.S. and U.S.S.R. were allies during war… • Only common goal = defeat of Axis powers • After WWII, Soviet Union was viewed as a major threat to the security of the noncommunist world. • Defeating Nazis led the Soviets to move troops into nations of Eastern Europe • Actively supported communist governments in these nations.

9. U.S. aims vs. Soviet aims in Europe U.S. wanted to… Soviets wanted to… • Create a new world order in which all nations had the right of self-determination • Gain access to raw materials and markets for its industries • Rebuild European governments to ensure stability • Create new markets for American goods • Reunite Germany • Encourage communism in other countries as part of the world struggle between workers and the wealthy • Rebuild its war ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials • Control Eastern Europe to balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe • Keep Germany divided and weak so it could never be a threat again.

10. Policy of Containment • Containment = limiting communist expansion • Goal • Confine communism to the area which it already existed – Soviet Union and Eastern European nations • Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech • Drew a clear picture of the postwar world by recognizing the division between the free Western Europe and the communist Eastern Europe

11. The “Iron Curtain”

13. The Cold War in Europe Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift NATO

14. Truman Doctrine • U.S. first sought to contain Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey • U.S. took over responsibility of aid to nations after WWII due to weak economy of Britain • March 1947 • Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey • Known as Truman Doctrine • 1947 – 1950: U.S. provided $400 million in economic aid to nations

15. Marshall Plan • Used to prevent the spread of communism into war torn Western Europe • Economic aid program • Created by Secretary of State General George C. Marshall • Stated the U.S. was against “hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.” • 1948 – 1952 • U.S. distributed $13 billion in economic aid for rebuilding Europe • Britain, France, Italy and West Germany

16. Struggle over Germany • Germany was divided into 4 sections • U.S., France, and Britain = West • Soviet Union = East • Berlin is located in the Eastern section and is divided into 4 sections as well • Berlin Blockade • 1949: Western territory combined together as West Germany. • Opposing the creation of a separate government, the Soviets cut off all access to West Berlin with a blockade of all roads leading into city (June 1948) • Berlin Airlift • Western powers began to airlift food, clothing, coal, medicine and other necessities to the city. • Airlift continued for almost a year. • Soviet Union ended blockade and creates East Germany.

18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • April 1949 • U.S. and 11 other western countries signed a collective security agreement known as NATO. • Bound the nations to act together for their common defense. • Pledged that an attack on any one of them would be an attack on all of them. • Soviet response = Warsaw Pact • Soviet Union and 7 Eastern European nations

19. NATO Warsaw Pact

20. The Cold War in Asia Chinese Civil War Korean War

21. China = Communist Nation • Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) received support from U.S. to resist Japanese push during WWII, • After WWII • Civil war broke out vs. Chiang and Mao Zedong (Communist) • U.S. Involvement: • Tried to mediate peace but fell apart. • 80% of U.S. aid fell into the hands of communists. • Two Chinas: • 1949 – all of mainland China had fallen to Communist forces. • Chiang and Nationals forced to Taiwan (Formosa).

22. The Korean War

23. Origins of Korean War • 1910 – 1945: Japan controlled Korea • After WWII ended, Japanese troops… • North of the 38th parallel surrendered to Soviet troops. • South of the 38th parallel surrendered to Americans • Two different nations developed

24. North Korea attacks South Korea • June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea • Attempting to unify the country • U.S. response: • Truman committed U.S. troops to major involvement in the conflict

25. U.S. Fights in Korea • Beginning of war – North Korea steadily drove south forcing all troops into the southeastern corner of the peninsula. • MacArthur’s Counterattack: • General Douglas MacArthur was sent to command the troops. • Able to counterattack the North Korean push with a surprise water attack from behind the enemy lines. • U.S. army chased the remaining troops across the 38th parallel and into North Korea almost to the border Chinese border • China fights back • China joined the war on the side of North Korea and pushed back the U.S. and South Korean troops to the 38th parallel. • By mid-1951 – Korean War was a stalemate

26. The Major Shifts of the War

27. After stabilizing war near the 38th parallel • MacArthur calls for expansion of war with an invasion and bombing of mainland China. • Angered by lack of approval • MacArthur began to publicly criticize official U.S. policy. • Leads to his recall from Korea for insubordination.

28. Consequences of the Korean War • July 1951 • Stalemate begins… • Fighting continues for another year. • In 1953, armistice finally signed • Politically… • Containment policy worked in the grand scheme • Able to contain the communist aggression of North Korea • Government military spending expanded dramatically • Republicans however viewed the results in a negative manner • Truman and Democrats were defined as “soft on communism” • Deemed the stalemate in Korea and the loss of China as key losses to communism.

29. The Second Red Scare:Cold War at Home

30. Review Do-It-Now • It is 1920’s, explain the belief systems and practices of Americans and government officials in terms of foreign policies and new immigrants.

31. The Loyalty Program • President Truman ordered the Loyalty Review Board to conduct security checks on thousands of government employees • Loyalty considered doubtful = dismissed from job • 1947 – 1951: 3.2 million employees and dismissed 212 • 2,900 resigned instead of being investigated. • McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) • Made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the U.S. • Truman vetoed the bill but Congress enacted by overriding is veto. • McCarran Walter Act (1952) • Restricted immigration of persons from communist-dominated nations in Asia and southern and central Europe.

32. House Un-American Committee(HUAC) • Formed in 1938 as a temporary agency to investigate communist activity in the U.S. • Operated for more than 30 years • Began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry • Believed communists were sneaking propaganda into films • Probes led to blacklisting of many actors, writers and directors. • Cut off from employment

33. Spies in the U.S. • Alger Hiss Case • Case led many Americans to believe that there was a reason to fear that there were communists in the government. • Alger Hiss was a former adviser to President Roosevelt • Charged as being a communist by Whittaker Chambers • Former Communist party member • Richard Nixon, believed Hiss was guilty and investigated. • Hiss was found guilty of perjury. • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg & Morton Sobell • Charged with providing atomic secrets to the Soviets during WWII. • Highly controversial trial, they were convicted of espionage • Rosenberg's were sentenced to death • Sobell was sent to prison • Rosenberg's were executed in 1953

34. McCarthyism • Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin • 1950s began a hunt for communists • 1950 - 1954 • Made bold accusations without any evidence. • Tactic became known as McCarthyism • Ruined the reputations of many people he carelessly accused of being communist • Downfall of McCarthyism • In 1954, McCarthy charged that the army was full of communists • Held televised investigations. • First time people were able to see the bullying tactics of McCarthy. • Public support quickly faded • December 1954 the Senate denounced him for “conduct unbecoming a member” • Ended the second Red Scare

35. The Eisenhower Years (1953 – 1961) Brinkmanship

36. A New Aggressive Approach • Secretary of State John Foster Dulles • Experienced diplomat who enlisted an aggressive foreign policy approach throughout Eisenhower’s presidency • Believed containment was too passive. • Wanted to challenge the Soviet Union and People’s Republic of China • Policy of “Brinkmanship” • Declared that if the U.S. pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of U.S. nuclear superiority. • Eisenhower prevented Dulles from carrying on his ideas to an extreme.

37. Massive Retaliation • Dulles placed a greater reliance on: • Nuclear weapons • Air power • Spending less on conventional forces of the army and navy • Result in saving money, helping balance the budget & increase pressure on potential enemies. • In1953, U.S. developed the hydrogen bomb • Soviets built their own the following year

38. Foreign Policy in … Asia • From 1955 to 1961 • U.S. gave over $1 billion in economic and military aid to South Vietnam in an effort to build a stable, anticommunist state. • Eisenhower justified this action with an analogy to a row of dominoes • If South Vietnam fell under Communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in danger. • Became famously known as the DOMINO THEORY. • SEATO (1954) • To prevent the “fall” to Communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia • Dulles created a regional defense pact called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) • Agreed to defend one another in case of an attack within the region • Eight nation organization • U.S., Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan

39. Foreign Policy in … Middle East • Iran • 1954, Prime Minister of Iran tried to nationalize the country’s foreign-own oil industry. • U.S. secretly arranged for the overthrow of the Prime Minister’s government and the restoration to the shah to the throne of Iran • Overthrow was organized through the Central Intelligence Agency • CIA – used spies to gather information abroad. • Action helped secure American oil supply • Suez Canal Crisis • After Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal • Britain, France, and Israel sent troops to seize the canal • Originally controlled by Britain and France • U.S. condemned the action and the three nations withdrew from Egypt. • Eisenhower Doctrine • 1957, U.S. pledged to help any Middle Eastern nation to resist communist aggression • Lebanon – 1958 = first test of Doctrine

40. Foreign Policy in … Latin America • Guatemala • 1954, CIA staged a successful covert operation • Arranged a revolt that overthrew a government considered to be friendly to communists • Nixon’s Goodwill tour of Latin America • 1958, Vice President Richard Nixon went on a goodwill tour of Latin America • Event led to strong anti-American feelings that had built up over the years as a result of U.S. interventions. • Cuba & Fidel Castro • 1956 – Fidel Castro led a revolt over Cuban dictator. • In 1959, Castro secured victory • U.S. initially supported new government but… • Castro quickly adopted communist principles

41. Foreign Policy in … Soviet Union • New Leadership • Nikita Khrushchev • Marked a temporary easing of Cold War tensions • Peaceful coexistence • Relations gradually improved between both nations. • 1955 – leaders met in Geneva, Switzerland. • U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, and France • Began to discuss disarmament • Camp David • 1959 – relations improved again. • Khrushchev visited U.S. • Set up another summit meeting in Paris in 1960 • U-2 Incident • Shortly before summit, U.S. plane was shot down by the Soviet Union deep in Soviet territory. • Pilot admitted to spying on the Soviets • Eisenhower accepted responsibility • Khrushchev denounced the U.S. and demanded apology • Eisenhower refused to apologize and summit collapsed.

42. The Cold War in the Sky • Space Race • Sputnik, 1957 • Soviets launched the first satellite into orbit. • Arms Race • U.S. and Soviet Union began to stockpile nuclear and nonnuclear weapons • In 1952, U.S. exploded hydrogen bomb • In 1953, Soviet Union tested one • Both nations rushed to create missile capable of carrying nuclear weapons

43. Causes & Effects:Cold War Conflicts • Causes • Soviet domination of Eastern Europe • Communist victory in China • Mutual suspicion between U.S. and Soviet Union • Immediate Effects • Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan • East-West tensions over Berlin • Establishment of NATO and Warsaw Pact • McCarthyism • Long-term Effects • Arms race between superpowers • Superpower rivalry for world power