Weather & Water Cycle

1. Weather & Water Cycle Donna Barrett, MRESA

2. Wet Jeans

3. Wet Jeans • Read your handout and then on NOTEBOOK paper, record the single answer you feel is correct. • Then provide an explanation for your answer.

4. Wet Jeans The best response is C – it is in the air in an invisible form. The invisible form is water vapor. Water does not immediately go up into the clouds.

5. Wet Jeans • The best responses is C – it is in the air in an invisible form. • Water may not immediately go up to the clouds as depicted in water cycle diagrams. • Humid weather is an example of water in the air. • Wet dew on the grass, fog, andcondensation of water on the outside of a glass holding cold liquid confirms that water exists in the air around us.

6. The Water Cycle http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html

7. Water is Stored • The oceans are a major storehouse of water • Lakes, rivers and glaciers are also storehouses of water http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

8. Evaporation • Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. • 90% - oceans, lakes • 10% - plants • Heat (energy) is necessary for evaporation to occur. • Energy is used to break the bonds that hold water molecules together, which is why water easily evaporates at the boiling point (212° F, 100° C) but evaporates much more slowly at the freezing point. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

9. Condensation • Condensation is the process in which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. • Precipitation is the primary route for water to return to the Earth's surface within the water cycle. • Condensation is responsible for ground level fog, for your glasses fogging up when you go from a cold room to the outdoors on a hot, humid day, etc. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

10. Evapotranspiration • The process by which moisture is from plants released to the atmosphere. • About 10 percent of the moisture found in the atmosphere is released by plants through transpiration. • Plant transpiration is an invisible process. • A large oak tree can transpire 40,000 gallons (151,000 liters) per year. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

11. Explore: The Incredible Journey • Where will the water you drink this morning be tomorrow? • You are going to become water molecules moving through the water cycle. • Water can move through: Clouds, Plants, Animals, Oceans, Rivers, Lakes, Ground Water, Soil, and Glaciers. http://www.earthsciweek.org/forteachers/incrediblejourney_cont.htm

12. Sublimation • Sublimation is process of snow and ice changing into water vapor without first melting into water. • Sublimation occurs more quickly at low relative humidity and dry winds. • Occurs more at higher altitudes, where the air pressure is less than at lower altitudes. • Energy is needed. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

13. Atmosphere • Not a great storehouse of water • Superhighway used to move water around the globe. • There is always water in the atmosphere. Clouds are a visible form atmospheric water • If all of the water in the atmosphere rained down at once, it would only cover the ground to a depth of 2.5 centimeters, about 1 inch. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

14. How would the following factors effect rates of transpiration? • Temperature • Humidity • Wind • Soil Moisture Availability • Type of Plant

15. Atmospheric Conditions Affecting Transpiration • Temperature: Transpiration rates go up as the temperature goes up, especially during the growing season, when the air is warmer due to stronger sunlight and warmer air masses. • Relative humidity: As the relative humidity of the air surrounding the plant rises the transpiration rate falls. It is easier for water to evaporate into dryer air than into more saturated air. • Wind and air movement: Increased movement of the air around a plant will result in a higher transpiration rate. • Soil-moisture availability: When moisture is lacking, plants can begin to senesce (premature ageing, which can result in leaf loss) and transpire less water. • Type of plant: Plants transpire water at different rates. Some plants which grow in arid regions, such as cacti and succulents, conserve precious water by transpiring less water than other plants. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

16. What are clouds made of? • Keeley, Page. “Uncovering Student Ideas” Vol. 3

17. What are clouds made of? • Best response: Glenda – “I think clouds are made of tiny drops of water or tiny ice crystals.” • Clouds are formed when water vapor in the air cools, condenses, and becomes tiny droplets of water (or ice crystals)

18. Rainfall • Keeley, Page. “Uncovering Student Ideas” Vol. 3

19. Rainfall • Best answer: Marcus – “ I think rainfalls when water drops in the cloud get too heavy.” • Middle School students are gaining a more conceptual understanding of the processes of the water cycle AND the relationship between the mass of an object, the upward force of air and downward force of gravity.

20. Precipitation • The discharge of water, in liquid or solid state, out of the atmosphere • Rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail • Delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth • Most precipitation falls as rain • Water droplets must condense on tiny dust, salt, or smoke particles, which act as a nucleus • Water droplets grow as a result of condensation of water vapor when the particles collide. • Millions of cloud droplets are required to produce a single raindrop http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

21. What do raindrops look like? • Spherical – less than 1 mm • Bottom starts to flatten out as they grow 2 – 3 mm • At 4 – 5 mm they look like a parachute and begin to fall apart http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

22. Infiltration http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

23. Factors Affecting Infiltration • Precipitation • Soil Characteristics • Soil Saturation • Land Cover • Slope of the Land • Evaporation http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

24. Water Cycle Placemat http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleplacemat.html

27. 3 x 3 Vocabulary

28. 3 x 3 Vocabulary

29. Water Cycle Manipulative

30. Water Cycle Bracelet

31. Semantic Grid Analysis

32. Blast Off! The Water Cycle Summarizer 1 new idea you learned 1 2 factors affecting infiltration of groundwater 2 3 sources of water storage 3

33. Activities to Enhance the Development of Nonlinguistic Representations Differentiate instruction • Creating graphic representations/organizers • Descriptive patterns Fact Fact TOPIC Fact Fact Fact

34. Differentiate instruction Let's play! • Find a new partner at a different table. A/B • Get comfortable. A will face • the screen B will face A. • A has the task of gettingB to guess the • mystery word. • Only non-linguistic representations will • be shown. Feel free to skip and go back if • necessary. When all answers have been given stand • up and give a shout!

35. 4. 1. 2. 5. 3 6.

36. Using only a piece of paper and pen, draw and get your partner to say these words Groundwater Evapotranspiration Precipitation Water Cycle

37. Heat Energy • The Sun’s energy is the origin of weather

38. Temperature Related to thermal energy Temperature is the average kinetic energy of a system Use standard units for measuring temperature Celsius Kelvin Fahrenheit • temperature illustration

39. Common Temperature Scales • The degree Celsius (°C) scale was devised by dividing the range of temperature between the freezing and boiling temperatures of pure water at standard atmospheric conditions (sea level pressure) into 100 equal parts. • The degree Fahrenheit (°F) non-metric temperature scale was devised and evolved over time so that the freezing and boiling temperatures of water are whole numbers; 0 is the freezing point of salt water http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/temps.htm

40. Making Sense of Celsius • Look for patterns in the chart. • What do you notice? • Let’s graph the “points” from the chart on the coordinate grid. • What would be the best increments to use on the x axis and y axis? • Extension: Questions 1 – 4 at the bottom of the page.

41. Linear relationship • Slope = rise/run or change in y/change in x • Used to derive the conversion formulas we use • Many cell phone apps with conversions

42. degree Fahrenheit / degree Celsius conversions • F = C x 9/5 + 32 • F = (C x 1.8) + 32 • C = 5/9(F – 32) • C = (F - 32) / 1.8

43. Temperature Benchmarks

44. Temperature Benchmarks

45. Temperature Mnemonics When it's zero it's freezing, when it's 10 it's not, when it's 20 it's warm, when it's 30 it's hot! Thirty is hot Twenty is nice Ten is cool Zero is ice http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/temps.htm

46. Anticipation Guide ___ 1. Heat energy from the sun ___ drives the weather system ___ 2. Land heats up faster than ___ water. ___ 3. Winds blow as a result of the ___ movement of air from low to high pressure ___ 4. Warm air rises and cool air sinks ___ ___ 5. The evaporation of moisture from ___ oceans causes hurricane

47. Camping Trip, Vol. 4 • Which friend do you most agree with?

48. Camping Trip, Vol. 4 • The best answer is Emma’s. The coldest part of the day is generally right around the dawn, actually right after the sunrise while the Sun is still very low on the horizon. • During the night, the Earth’s surface radiates the heat it has absorbed back into space, allowing the temperature to drop.

49. Heat Transfer • Radiation – energy from the sun travels to the earth via radiation • Conduction – direct transfer of heat from one substance to another – air heated by the ground • Convection – transfer of heat in a fluid – warm air rises and cool air sinks

50. Heat Transfer: • Radiation – heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves • Do not need a medium to travel • Radiant energy (light) • Microwaves • Radiowaves