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Introduction to Petroleum Industry

Introduction to Petroleum Industry. Structured around major activities:. Up Stream: Exploration Drilling Production Reservoir. Structured around major activities:. Down Stream: Transportation Refining Petrochemicals Marketing

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Introduction to Petroleum Industry

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  1. Introduction to Petroleum Industry

  2. Structured around major activities: Up Stream: • Exploration • Drilling • Production • Reservoir

  3. Structured around major activities: Down Stream: • Transportation • Refining • Petrochemicals • Marketing Division of work may change: time, location, size, policies, laws

  4. Traits of Oil and Gas industry • Require large investments • Entail high technical and political risks • Products are exhaustible: no recycling • Has a great influence of foreign societies • Has major international companies and many local or international independents • Deal with strategic commodities • Heavily use high technology

  5. Weight of the ME in World’s Energy • Share of production in 30% ( 22 MMB/D ) • Low regional consumption • Big share of reserves: oil 65% , Gas 30% • Low production cost • Strategic location • Surplus refined products ( 23% from their production )

  6. The Future : Weight of ME • World will still depend on oil and gas • ME lead will continue • Major reserves will remain in the ME

  7. Main Market of Middle East Oil

  8. Major ME exporters of LNG

  9. Pressure & cementation Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Erosion Heat & pressure Erosion Erosion Metamorphic Rocks Igneous Rocks Heat Cooling Magma The Rock Cycle

  10. مصيدة متكونة نتيجة لقبة ملحية خارقة

  11. مصيدة تركيبة: أثر الفوالق على انفصال تجمعات النفط في مصايد منفصلة من الكتلة المتصدعة .

  12. Origin of Petroleum • Oil is a fossil fuel that is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals, known as plankton that died in ancient seas between 10 million and 600 million years ago. • The plankton fell to the bottom of the sea and after decaying, the organisms formed sedimentary layers. • In the layers, little or no oxygen is present and this allows microorganisms to break down the remains into carbon-rich compounds that form organic layers.

  13. Origin of Petroleum • The organic material mix with the sediments to form fine-grained shale, or source rock. • As the sedimentary rocks layer, they exert extreme heat and pressure to distill the organic material into crude oil and natural gas.

  14. Migration of Petroleum • The oil then flows from the source rock and accumulates in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone known as reservoir rock. • When the earth moves the oil and natural gas is trapped in reservoir rocks, which are between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock– usually granite or marble. • The whole process takes millions of years.

  15. Geophysical Prospecting Methods 1) Magnetic Surveying : Where : F - magnetic Force. A – constant generally unity. M1 & M2 – strength of the respective poles. r – distance between poles. M1 M2 r F = a 2

  16. M1 M2 d F = G 2 2) Gravity Surveying : Where : F – Gravitational force between two point masses M1 & M2 d – Distance between M1 & M2 G – Gravitational constant ( 6.67 × 10 m / kg S ) -11 2 3

  17. 3) Seismic Surveying .

  18. 3) Seismic Surveying • Oil geologists examine surface features, surface rock, reservoir rock, entrapment, satellite images, sensitive gravity meters and manometers. • The most common technique for finding reserves is seismology which uses shock waves that interpret waves reflected back to the surface. • Despite all the technologies, modern oil exploration methods are only 10 percent successful.

  19. 4) Remote Sensing: • Collection of data without the actual contact of the object . ( aeromagnetic & gravity ) . • Useful for topographic mapping specially in desert areas • When used in conjunction with other techniques such as gravity & magnetic , it may delineate anomalies that deserve further attention on the ground

  20. The Government and Oil companies usually assign finding oil to contracted geologists.

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