5 Steps to a 5

1. 5 Steps to a 5 AP Environmental Science 2010-2011 Linda Williams, Ph.D.

2. Agriculture and Aquaculture When calcium carbonate is used to build the shells of sea creatures, it is called • Lime • Condensation • Sublimation • Biomineralization • Transfiguration Answer: D - As these organisms die, their shells fall to the ocean floor and gather or dissolve

3. Agriculture and Aquaculture Growing marine or aquatic species in net pens or tanks is known as • Cross cultivation • A risk-free industry • Bioculture • An easy source of iodine • Aquaculture Answer: E - Aquaculture may reduce the pressure on native species as food sources.

4. Agriculture and Aquaculture When DNA is combined in ways to augment certain characteristics in a species’ natural growth, the result is known as a • Nonnative species • Relict species • Transplanted organism • Genetically modified organism • Nonviable organism Answer: D - Altering genetics makes some people worry about the potential for abuse.

5. Agriculture and Aquaculture When nontarget fish species or other marine animals are caught in nets or through other fishing methods, they are called • Surplus species • Bycatch • Alternate species • Trash fish • Game fish Answer: B - Dolphins were a bycatch of tuna fishing until new escape nets were mandated

6. Agriculture and Aquaculture Which of the following has caused the greatest increase in the introduction of marine alien species into new ecosystems? • Tourism • Air travel • Shipping • Commercial fishing • Home aquariums Answer: C - Ships using ocean water for ballast, flushing it in port along with acquired species

7. Agriculture and Aquaculture Fishing methods like bottom trawling, gill netting, and longlining are especially subject to • Crew safety policy • Seasonal variation • High fuel costs • Poor yeilds • Bycatch Answer: E - Many different species are caught by their gills, for example

8. Agriculture and Aquaculture It has been estimated that over 60% of all processed food in America contains • GMO ingredients • Fatty acids • Carcinogens • DDT • Phosphorous Answer: A - Genetically modified organisms or genetically enhanced growth

9. Agriculture and Aquaculture Hormones that stop larval growth, combined with mechanical vacuuming of bugs from plants, are examples of • Crop rotation • Low input agriculture • Integrated pest management • Cross discipline activation • Plant desertification Answer: C - Integrated pest management uses a combination of methods

10. Agriculture and Aquaculture DDT, which kills malaria-carrying mosquitoes, had a large negative impact on • Horses • Local ladybugs • Earthworms • Nontarget predatory species • Migrating robins Answer: D - DDT causes birds’ eggshells to be very thin and break when the mother nested

11. Agriculture and Aquaculture One method to conserve water and make sure it gets directly to plant roots is through • Sieve sleeve irrigation • Drip irrigation • Rolling sprinklers • Flood irrigation • Crop circle sprinklers Answer: B - Watering is close to the plants instead of being sprayed in the air all over the field

12. Agriculture and Aquaculture Organic farms have lower feed and veterinarian costs since their animals are • Smaller in size • Crowded into barns • Healthier • Raised in larger herds • Fed GMO igredients Answer: C - Since they aren’t stressed or in tight pens, they don’t pass on disease as easily

13. Land Use Urbanization came about from • Less mass transit • Change in growing seasons • Lack of high-rise properties • Gradual changes in land use and societal culture • Lower city taxes Answer: D - As populations and cities grew there were more jobs in the cities

14. Land Use The amount of surface area needed to provide for a population’s needs and dispose of its waste is called its • Niche • Tillage area • Ecological footprint • Growth index • Urbanization Answer: C - The smaller the ecological footprint, the better the use of resources

15. Land Use Deposits formed from evaporation, wind deposit, sedimentation, or volcanic heating contain • Minerals • Water • Lava • Algae • Radioactive tracers Answer: A - Rocks and dust particles are made of various minerals

16. Land Use The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act mandated • A 20% decrease in sulfur emissions • No new mining without smokestack filters • Clear air • Restoration of strip-mined land • Recycling of aluminum Answer: D

17. Land Use A naturally found, inorganic solid with a specific crystalline structure and chemical composition is called a • rock • fossil • mineral • biome • carbon nanotube Answer: C - Minerals a primarily characterized by crystalline structure and hardness.

18. Land Use Megacities have over… • 1 million inhabitants • 4 million inhabitants • 5 million inhabitants • 10 million inhabitants • 20 million inhabitants Answer: D

19. Land Use Bike routes, light-rail, zoning, and development regulations increase.. • cultural diversity • exercise options • taxes • corporate options • environmental sustainability Answer: E - By using many options, the drain on one resource is less.

20. Land Use Direct impacts on the hydrologic cycle include all the following except.. • flood • drought • mining • river flow • groundwater reservoirs Answer: C - Mining may have a small effect in an area but not on the overall hydrologic cycle.

21. Land Use An unforeseen result of suburban living is.. • less traffic • less exercise • closer community ties • lower taxes • greater vehicle wear and tear Answer: B - Less exercise has also resulted in unhealthy weight gain.

22. Land Use A communal resource management system includes all the following factors except.. • clear boundaries • Active monitoring of resource use • people living on the land a long time • privatization and self-interest • people having input into rule setting Answer: D - Privatization encourages selfishness and fewer community bonds between people working for the greater good.