Crime Prevention History and Theory

1. 1 Crime PreventionHistory and Theory National Crime Prevention Council 2006 Introduce yourself to the participants. Describe your background in this area. Mention that the National Crime Prevention Council is the creator of this PowerPoint. Refer participants to NCPC’s main website, www.ncpc.org, and to www.mcgruff.org, its website for children.Introduce yourself to the participants. Describe your background in this area. Mention that the National Crime Prevention Council is the creator of this PowerPoint. Refer participants to NCPC’s main website, www.ncpc.org, and to www.mcgruff.org, its website for children.

2. 2 Goal To provide community leaders, local government officials, private sector partners, faith-based organizations, and others with information on crime prevention that will enable them to create safer, more secure, and more vibrant communities.

3. 3 Objectives Review the different types of crime prevention Define crime prevention Examine the principles of crime prevention Review the history of crime prevention Identify the crime prevention strategies you can use to reduce the opportunities for crime in your community

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8. 8 Definition of crime prevention established by the National Crime Prevention Institute 1972Definition of crime prevention established by the National Crime Prevention Institute 1972

9. 9 Note the three elements of the triangle. The desire to commit the crime The ability to commit the crime The opportunity to commit the crime Crime Prevention Removing or reducing any one of the three elements reduces the likelihood of criminal action. From an individual’s perspective, reducing opportunity is the easiest approach. Note the three elements of the triangle. The desire to commit the crime The ability to commit the crime The opportunity to commit the crime Crime Prevention Removing or reducing any one of the three elements reduces the likelihood of criminal action. From an individual’s perspective, reducing opportunity is the easiest approach.

10. 10 Discuss the importance of crime prevention and how it can help communities. Discuss the importance of crime prevention and how it can help communities.

11. 11 The flow chart shown on this page is a model of the criminal justice system in the United States. The chart illustrates that the criminal justice system often is reactive. The criminal justice system begins operating when a crime, as shown in blue on the left, is reported. Accordingly the resources of the criminal justice system are allocated to address what happens AFTER a crime is committed. In the crime prevention field, our goal is to stop crime from happening in the first place, which means preventing the criminal justice system investigation, arrest, prosecution, incarceration and punishment from going into action.The flow chart shown on this page is a model of the criminal justice system in the United States. The chart illustrates that the criminal justice system often is reactive. The criminal justice system begins operating when a crime, as shown in blue on the left, is reported. Accordingly the resources of the criminal justice system are allocated to address what happens AFTER a crime is committed. In the crime prevention field, our goal is to stop crime from happening in the first place, which means preventing the criminal justice system investigation, arrest, prosecution, incarceration and punishment from going into action.

12. 12 Crime Prevention is Proactive(Continued) To view the criminal justice flowchart and to see the full explanation go to: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/flowchart.htm

13. 13 Definition of crime prevention established by the National Crime Prevention Council in 1990. Note the difference from the 1972 definition.Definition of crime prevention established by the National Crime Prevention Council in 1990. Note the difference from the 1972 definition.

14. 14 Principles of Crime Prevention Crime Prevention Is: everyone’s business; more than security; a responsibility of all levels of government; linked with solving social problems; and cost-effective Source: National Crime Prevention Council Principles of crime prevention developed by the National Crime Prevention Council and adopted by the Crime Prevention Coalition of America.Principles of crime prevention developed by the National Crime Prevention Council and adopted by the Crime Prevention Coalition of America.

15. 15 Principles of Crime Prevention (Continued) Crime Prevention Requires: a central position in law enforcement; cooperation among all elements of the community; education; tailoring to local needs and conditions; and continual testing and improvement Source: National Crime Prevention Council Principles of crime prevention developed by the National Crime Prevention Council and adopted by the Crime Prevention Coalition of America. Principles of crime prevention developed by the National Crime Prevention Council and adopted by the Crime Prevention Coalition of America.

16. 16 Crime Prevention Improves the quality of life for every community. Source: National Crime Prevention Council

17. 17 Techniques of Situational Prevention Increase the Effort Increase the Risks Reduce the Rewards Reduce Provocations Remove Excuses Source: Ronald V. Clarke and John Eck (2003) View the complete resource at www.popcenter.org You may want to print this resource sheet and use as a handout. Increase the effort – harden targets, control access to facilities, screen exits, deflect offenders, and control tools/weapons Increase the risks – extend guardianship, assist natural surveillance, reduce anonymity, use place managers, strengthen formal surveillance Reduce the rewards – conceal targets, remove targets, identify property, disrupt markets, deny benefits Reduce provocations – reduce frustrations and stress, avoid disputes, reduce temptation and arousal, neutralize peer pressure, discourage imitation Remove excuses – set rules, post instructions, alert conscience, assist compliance, control drugs and alcohol.You may want to print this resource sheet and use as a handout. Increase the effort – harden targets, control access to facilities, screen exits, deflect offenders, and control tools/weapons Increase the risks – extend guardianship, assist natural surveillance, reduce anonymity, use place managers, strengthen formal surveillance Reduce the rewards – conceal targets, remove targets, identify property, disrupt markets, deny benefits Reduce provocations – reduce frustrations and stress, avoid disputes, reduce temptation and arousal, neutralize peer pressure, discourage imitation Remove excuses – set rules, post instructions, alert conscience, assist compliance, control drugs and alcohol.

18. 18 Generally accepted definition of community policing developed in the 1990s. Many contend that community policing is nothing more than crime prevention and that many of the community safety tactics and strategies used in community policing are based on the crime prevention principle of reducing the opportunity for crime. Community policing officers are key to the role of law enforcement in crime prevention. Education is also at the core of crime prevention. It embraces information, training, and motivation for action at all levels by individuals, neighborhoods, communities, and state and federal agencies. However, since no two communities are alike, crime prevention strategies and programs need to be adjusted so they address local needs. Generally accepted definition of community policing developed in the 1990s. Many contend that community policing is nothing more than crime prevention and that many of the community safety tactics and strategies used in community policing are based on the crime prevention principle of reducing the opportunity for crime. Community policing officers are key to the role of law enforcement in crime prevention. Education is also at the core of crime prevention. It embraces information, training, and motivation for action at all levels by individuals, neighborhoods, communities, and state and federal agencies. However, since no two communities are alike, crime prevention strategies and programs need to be adjusted so they address local needs.

19. 19 Sir Robert PeelConsidered a “father” of law enforcement Are his principles of policing still applicable today? Absolutely!

20. 20 Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing 1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. 2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. 3. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.

21. 21 4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionally to the necessity of the use of force. 5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. 6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the expertise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing (Continued)

22. 22 7. Police at all time should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition; the police are public and the public are the police. The police being only full-time individuals charged with the duties that are incumbent on all of the citizens. 8. Police should always direct their actions strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing (Continued)

23. 23 I can reduce the major crime rate in Hopetown, U.S.A. by 10 percent by implementing a crime prevention policy that does not involve any law enforcement participation? What crime is it?

24. 24 Gasoline drive-offs are an easy opportunity to commit crime. Rather than develop a strategy to reduce the opportunity to reduce gasoline drive-offs, the Division of Motor Vehicles and the state police took an enforcement approach. How many people have had their licenses suspended for driving off and not paying? Gasoline drive-offs are an easy opportunity to commit crime. Rather than develop a strategy to reduce the opportunity to reduce gasoline drive-offs, the Division of Motor Vehicles and the state police took an enforcement approach. How many people have had their licenses suspended for driving off and not paying?

25. 25 Crime Prevention Strategies

26. 26 Crime Prevention Programs Personal safety Robbery prevention School safety Workplace safety Auto theft prevention These are examples of programs used in crime prevention today. These are examples of programs used in crime prevention today.

27. 27 Communities In the next slide are safety ideas that can be implemented in communities.In the next slide are safety ideas that can be implemented in communities.

28. 28 Communities Start a Neighborhood Watch program. Institute community beautification projects. Organize voluntary resident patrols. Demonstrate against landlords who rent property to drug dealers. Make young people part of your neighborhood improvement activities. Organize annual community events. Make sure the local newspaper covers good news about your neighborhood. Start a McGruff House program for children and youth. These are ideas of what you can do in your community.These are ideas of what you can do in your community.

29. 29 ApartmentsandCondos In the next slide are safety tips for apartments and condos.In the next slide are safety tips for apartments and condos.

30. 30 Apartment/Condo Safety Start an Apartment Watch program. Organize citizen patrols. Publish newsletters that update residents on news about crime and community activities, and that recognize residents. Start a McGruff House program. Organize annual events. These are ideas of what you can do to help keep your apartment/condo complex community safe. These are ideas of what you can do to help keep your apartment/condo complex community safe.

31. 31 Schools The next few slides include safety tips for schools from several perspectives.The next few slides include safety tips for schools from several perspectives.

32. 32 Safer Schools – Parents Take an active role in your children's school. Act as role models. Set clear limits on behaviors in advance. Communicate clearly on violence issues. Help your children learn how to find solutions to problems. Insist on knowing your children’s friends. Work with other parents to develop standards for school-related events. Support school policies and rules that help create and sustain safety. Join with other parents to talk about violence and to discuss prevention. These are ideas for PARENTS to use to help keep their children safe while at school.These are ideas for PARENTS to use to help keep their children safe while at school.

33. 33 Reward good behavior. Establish “zero tolerance” policies for weapons and violence. Establish a faculty-student committee to develop a safety plan. Work with juvenile justice authorities, community groups, and law enforcement on a safety plan. Offer training in anger management and other violence prevention skills. Involve every group within the school community in crafting solutions to violence. Involve parents. Develop and sustain a network with health care, mental health, and social work resources in the community. Safer Schools – Principals These are ideas for PRINCIPALS to use to help keep children safe while at school. These are ideas for PRINCIPALS to use to help keep children safe while at school.

34. 34 Safer Schools – Students Refuse to bring weapons to school. Report any crime or suspicious behavior immediately. Learn how to manage your anger. Help others settle disputes peaceably. Set up a teen court. Become a peer counselor. Mentor a younger student. Start a school crime watch. Ask each student activity or club to adopt an anti-violence theme. Start a “peace pledge” campaign. Welcome new students and help them feel at home in your school. These are ideas for CHILDREN to use to help keep themselves safe while at school. These are ideas for CHILDREN to use to help keep themselves safe while at school.

35. 35 Safer Schools – Teachers Set norms for behavior in your classroom. Invite parents to talk with you about their children. Learn how to recognize warning signs that a child may be headed for violence. Encourage and sponsor student-led antiviolence activities. Offer to serve on a team to develop and implement a safety plan. Enforce school polices that seek to reduce violence. Learn and teach conflict resolution and anger management skills. Incorporate discussions on violence and prevention in the curriculum. These are ideas for TEACHERS to use to help keep children safe while at school. These are ideas for TEACHERS to use to help keep children safe while at school.

36. 36 Workplace The following slide includes safety tips that can be implemented in the workplace.The following slide includes safety tips that can be implemented in the workplace.

37. 37 Workplace Safety Post evacuation plans in highly visible locations. Train employees in evacuation procedures. Include revocation of security privileges in termination procedures. Make fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and emergency preparedness kits readily available. Place keys and other personal items in a secure location. Protect computer equipment from surges. Protect fixed and portable computers from theft. Make sure smoke detectors, fire alarms, and sprinkler systems are installed and working. These are ideas and strategies that can be implemented in the workplace.These are ideas and strategies that can be implemented in the workplace.

38. 38 Identity Theft and Cyber Safety

39. 39 Identity Theft Don’t give out personal information over the phone. Shred all documents. Don’t use your mother’s maiden name as a password. Minimize the identification information and the number of cards you carry. Don’t carry your Social Security card, birth certificate, or passport with you, unless absolutely necessary. Don’t put your telephone number or Social Security number on checks. Be careful when using ATM and phone cards. Pay attention to your billing cycles. These are tips to keep your personal information safe.These are tips to keep your personal information safe.

40. 40 Never give out your name and personal information to others online. Don’t send personal information over the Internet, by email, or over cellular phones. Don’t use passwords that are obvious. Avoid break-ins by changing your password regularly and memorizing it. Never agree to meet face-to-face with someone you’ve met online. Never respond to messages from unfamiliar persons. Look for web pages that have a proper title, additional resources, or a person that you are able to contact. Know who are the authors or sponsors of the site. Cyber Safety These are tips to keep your personal information safe. These are tips to keep your personal information safe.

41. 41 Questions and Answers

42. 42 Portions of this presentation are provided by

43. 43 The National Crime Prevention Council 1000 Connecticut Avenue, NW Thirteenth Floor Washington, DC 20036-5325 202-466-6272 202-296-1356 fax www.ncpc.org

44. 44 Presenter Contact Information Trainer: Add your contact information to this slide.Trainer: Add your contact information to this slide.