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Dynamics of political control in 13th and 14th century Europe

Dynamics of political control in 13th and 14th century Europe. From last time. The victory of Pope Gregory VII The crusades and the persecution of the Jewish communities -complexity of enemy/friends distinction: during the fourth crusade in 1204 the crusaders loot Constantinople.

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Dynamics of political control in 13th and 14th century Europe

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  1. Dynamics of political control in 13th and 14th century Europe

  2. From last time.. • The victory of Pope Gregory VII • The crusades and the persecution of the Jewish communities -complexity of enemy/friends distinction: during the fourth crusade in 1204 the crusaders loot Constantinople. • The new developments in the culture and intellectual life of medieval Europe • As the thirteenth century begins, prosperity and commerce increases, and with this the strengthening of the governments…

  3. Territorial politics: a crucial shift towards a strong, centralized and legalized ‘proto-state’

  4. France and the consolidation of the monarchy after the feudal period • Ingredients: • a strong King, Philip Augustus (king from 1180) • territorial integrity • a unified language • a WRITTEN rule of law • a centralized system to collect taxes

  5. Territorial integrity Red: Territories under the King of England Blue: Royal Domain Green: French fief

  6. A Unified Language • ‘Onques mes ne fu soupris
De nule amour, ne destroiz,
Mais or m'ont dou tot conquis
Ses sens et sa bone foi..’
(Gontier de Soignies, d. ca 1220) • ‘Never was I so overcome
By any love, nor in distress,
But now I'm conquered totally
By her good sense and honesty…’

  7. A strong royal control: look at your handout! • What is the ‘Commune’? Does that ring a bell? • What does the king do? How does he do that? • In conclusion, who had the authority in France? • Let’s see what happens in England…

  8. England: a different story • The story starts with a tradition of strong kings, as Richard I ‘Lion-hearted’ (1189-1199), but.. • He dies young, and his brother and hair, John (1199-1216) was the one to loose all those territories to Philip Augustus • After the battle of Bouvines (1214) the barons rebel • 1215: Magna Carta, a victory of the barons and of custom

  9. Magna Carta: a sample • ‘In the first place…we have also granted to all free men of our kingdom, for ourselves and our heirs for ever, all the liberties written below, to be had and held by them and their heirs of us and our heirs…No scutage or aid shall be imposed in our kingdom unless by common counsel of our kingdom, except for ransoming our person…’ • What are the differences with the other source you had in your handout?

  10. Other forms of political organization • Remember Italy and the comuni: independent city-states organized around the guild maintain their tradition • Castile-Leon in Spain: the ‘cortes’ and the beginning of representative assemblies that included also ‘caballeros’, not only noblemen, much less powerful than today’s representative institutions (of course such institutions present in England, that is the Parliament) • LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOK FOR MORE EXAMPLES!

  11. Another, short-lived and very personal form of medieval government: Frederick II (1212-1250)

  12. His territory: Holy Roman Empire and Sicily

  13. Sicily and the Mediterranean

  14. Frederick II in Sicily: experiments for a multi-cultural society • Jews, Muslims and Christians worked side by side in Sicily • Great poets and intellectuals and natural philosophers merged ideas and created a vivacious courtly life • Frederick excommunicated by the Pope in 1245: cultural, religious and political issues at stake

  15. Another fundamental European power: the Papacy • Christianity in the 13th century starts to get stronger, on the wave of what happened after Gregory VII • Such strength comes from a number of sources:

  16. Doctrinal strength: the fourth Lateran Council (1215) and the fight against heresy • Doctrinal uniformity still to be enforced • 1215 many important decisions are taken, as for example over the doctrine of Eucharist and Purgatory • In the meanwhile, the ‘heretics’, the enemies from within, start to take shape…

  17. In conclusion • France: the strengthening of the territorial monarchy • England: the barons win against the King -legal, political and intellectual consequences • Other forms of political organizations in Europe -Italy’s ‘comuni’, Castile’s ‘cortes’, etc • How about the Papacy? • It strengthen itself also…

  18. The End: see you on Thursday!

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