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Dynamics of intellectual control in 13 th century Europe

Dynamics of intellectual control in 13 th century Europe. MIDTERM. 1 essay (Open-book, Open-notes, bring a BLUE BOOK, write CLEARLY and WELL) Broad topic: The role of religion in the social, political, intellectual, or cultural life of the West If you want to do well:

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Dynamics of intellectual control in 13 th century Europe

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  1. Dynamics of intellectual control in 13th century Europe

  2. MIDTERM • 1 essay (Open-book, Open-notes, bring a BLUE BOOK, write CLEARLY and WELL) • Broad topic: • The role of religion in the social, political, intellectual, or cultural life of the West • If you want to do well: • 1) Pick at least a couple of examples of how religion influenced the West (your examples can address the political, social, and/or cultural aspects and can also address either two different time periods or the same one–in any case, make sure you CONTEXTUALIZE your examples) • 2) Have an argument that explains why your examples are interesting in the context of the rest of the class • 3) BACK UP your points with quotes from primary sources! • 4) Proofread! • REMEMBER: ‘original’ quotes (i.e. not the ones in my lecture slides!)=high grade • Two words on plagiarism…DO NOT • NB: Be rigorous with the sources, be original with your points and HAVE FUN!

  3. From last time… • Importance of the new forms of learning that develop between the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century • France and the strengthening of the monarchy • England and the Magna Carta: the king is limited by the Barons • Other examples of political organization in your textbook…

  4. Another fundamental European power: the Papacy • Christianity in the 13th century starts to get stronger, on the wave of what happened after Gregory VII • Where does this strength come from? • Not political and military strength, but INTELLECTUAL CONTROL

  5. Doctrinal strength: the fourth Lateran Council (1215) and the fight against heresy • Doctrinal uniformity still to be enforced • 1215 many important decisions are taken, as for example over the doctrine of Eucharist and Purgatory • Strong action against the heretics • How did the Papacy enforce doctrinal uniformity? How did it punish those who did not comply? How did it ‘work’ the people?

  6. Franciscans and Dominicans: two sides of the same coin

  7. St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)

  8. Giotto, frescos dedicated to St. Francis, before 1309?

  9. St. Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221) St.Dominic and the Cathars, Pedro Berruguete, end of 15th c.

  10. How are they different?

  11. St. Francis (in your Reader there is his Rule) Emphasis on the example of Christ Emphasis on ‘absolute poverty’ Link with the Pope Francis as part of the Pope’s propaganda, but insisting on ‘absolute poverty’ is a double-edged sword… St. Dominic (in your Reader there are some documents from his canonization process) Emphasis on discipline Poverty is important, but less emphasized A lot of attention to study: the Dominicans as the Papal ‘scholars’ and Inquisitors Franciscans and Dominicans

  12. The Dominican Bernard Gui (1261-1331) and his manual for Inquisitors (an excerpt in your handout) Bernard Gui, The Genealogy of the French kings, ms. 1330-40 c.

  13. Bernard of Gui’s manual: let’s look at it! • Who are the Beguines? • What kinds of ‘sins’ do they commit? • Which authority do they threaten? • What is the MO of Bernard?

  14. The Medieval Inquisition: a local tribunal in charge of heresies administered mainly by Dominicans

  15. Another ‘big’ action against the enemy inside: the Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) • The Albigensian CRUSADE: a crusade against the enemies within the Church • Who are the Cathars? • -religious dualism • -concept of religious ‘perfection’ • -was all of this ‘for real’? Conflicting interpretations: some scholars think that the Albigensian heresy was a solid, organic and systematic body of belief. Others (very influential among those was R.I.Moore) think that they were not really dangerous for Christianity, but that the Pope needed to ‘show off’ its power….the debate is still open

  16. St.Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and Scholasticim: THE Dominican intellectual Portrait by Carlo Crivelli, ca. end of 16th c.

  17. Abelard (1079-1142) and Heloise: a great story of a philosopher/theologian in love French ms., ca 14th century

  18. …to summarize… • Religious vitality is accompanied by a theological systematization • The role of the Papacy in coordinating all this gets stronger • Francis and Dominic: two sides of the same coin, that is, emphasizing the Evangelical message but also an iron fist against the heretics

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