Chapter 4 – The Periodic Table

1. Chapter 4 – The Periodic Table 4.1 How are the Elements Organized? 4.2 – Tour of the Periodic Table

2. Periodic Pattern • John Newlands – 1st 16 elements according to atomic mass • Dmitri Mendeleev – 1st 63 elements according to atomic mass • Some discrepancies and gaps • Predicted properties of other elements • Henry Moseley – x-ray spectra - numbers

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4. Periodic Table • Periodic Law – the repeating physical and chemical properties if elements change periodically with their atomic number • Period – a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table • Similar e- configs

5. Periodic Table • Group – a vertical column of elements on the p.t. • Similar properties w/ some gradation • MGE – elements in the s-block and the p-block of the periodic table • Having very regular e- configs • AKA representative elements

6. Group 1 • Alkali metals – highly reactive metallic elements in group 1 that react rapidly with water to form hydrogen and alkaline solutions and that burn in air • Soft, shine (dulls in oxygen/water), stored in oil or kerosene, violent rxn with cold water, good conductors

7. Group 2 • Alkaline Earth Metals – reactive metallic elements in group 2 with 2 e-’s in the outer most E level • Compared to alkali metals a.e.m. are harder, denser, stronger, and have higher m.p. • Less reactive than a.m. and reactivity decreases as you go down the group

8. Group 17 • Halogens – a nonmetallic element in group 17 of the p.t. that has 7 e-’s in the outermost E level and combines w/metals to form salts • Most reactive group of nonmetals • Salt – a cmpd. Composed of + and – ions arranged in a regular 3D pattern

9. Group 18 • Noble Gases – elements in group 18 of the p.t. that are characterized by low reactivity • Stable octet • Hydrogen – class by itself • Most common element • 1 p+ and 1 e- • Violent rxn with oxygen to make water

10. Lanthanides and Actinides • Lanthanides – shiny, metallic transition metals with atomic # 58-71 in which e- are added to the 4f orbitals • Shiny and reactive • Actinides– shiny, metallic transition metals with atomic # 90-103 in which e- are added to the 5f orbitals • All are radioactive

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12. Metals • Metals – an element that is a good conductor of electricity • Left side of p.t. • Conductivity as temp. • Solids at room temperature • Alloy – a solid or liquid mixture of 2 or more metals

13. Periodic Table • Transition Metals – one of the metals that can use the inner shell b4 using the outer shell aka: d block elements • Less reactive than groups 1 & 2

14. Periodic Table • Nonmetals – an element that is a poor conductor of electricity • Right of p.t. • Poor conductors (as temp conductivity )

15. Periodic Table • Semiconductors – a crystalline material with intermediate electrical conductivity • Stair step line • Metalloids • Solids at room temperature • Used in electrical devices

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