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Efficient Heating & Cooling Systems: Saving Energy in Facilities

Learn about heating and cooling loads, traditional HVAC systems, and new energy-saving technologies in this training module. Understand how to reduce energy consumption and optimize building mechanical systems.

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Efficient Heating & Cooling Systems: Saving Energy in Facilities

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  1. Energy Champions TrainingModule 6.0Heating and CoolingEnergy Theme 4

  2. Learning Objectives/Agenda • Understand what comprises heating & cooling loads for facilities • Traditional HVAC systems • New technology • How to save energy Cummins Confidential

  3. Why do we care? • Within the built environment, we are consuming 72%-75% of the total energy consumed. • The mechanical systems represent 35%-40% of the energy consumed within the built environment Cummins Confidential

  4. Heating & Cooling Loads • A building’s heating and cooling load is broken into two (2) parts: External Internal IMAGE IMAGE Cummins Confidential

  5. Heating & Cooling Loads • External Loads consist of: Roof (conduction) Walls (conduction) Glass (conduction & radiation) • Conduction: Btu/Hour = U*A*∆T • Radiation: Btu/Hour = A*SC*SHGF*CLF Cummins Confidential

  6. Heating & Cooling Loads • External Loads consist of: Infiltration & Ventilation • Ventilation: Btu/Hour = 1.08*CFM*∆T (sensible) Btu/Hour = 4750*CFM*∆w (latent) In general, peak heating and cooling loads are determined by the amount of glass and area of the roof Cummins Confidential

  7. Heating & Cooling Loads • Internal Loads consist of: Lights: Btu/Hour = watts* 3.413*CLF People: (sensible) Btu/Hour = No.*SHG*CLF (latent) Btu/Hour = No.*LHG*CLF Equipment: Btu/Hour = heat gain*CLF Cummins Confidential

  8. Heating & Cooling Loads • The peak cooling loads are added together to determine the capacity of the cooling HVAC equipment 12,000 Btu/Hour = 1 ton of cooling capacity • The peak heating loads are added together to determine the capacity of the heating HVAC equipment 1,000 Btu/Hour = 1 MBH Cummins Confidential

  9. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Airside (rooftop units, air-handling units, exhaust fans) • Cooling medium (electric, direct expansion-DX) Air Water • Heating medium (electric, fossil fuel) Air Water Cummins Confidential

  10. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Airside (rooftop units, air-handling units, exhaust fans) Constant Volume Variable Air Volume (VAV) • Cooling (electric, direct expansion-DX) Air andWater • Heating (electric, fossil fuel) Air and Water • Boilers Fossil fuel, heating water, steam Cummins Confidential

  11. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Airside Equipment Rooftop Units Air-Handling Units Roof-mounted Fans Utility Fans Cummins Confidential

  12. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Airside Systems Constant Volume Variable Air Volume ASHRAE 90.1 (Energy Standard) requires economizer control and VAV systems Baseline energy modeling systems are VAV with reheat air distribution systems Cummins Confidential

  13. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Cooling Equipment (Water-cooled) Water-cooled Chiller Air-cooled Chiller Cooling TowerChilled Water Pumps Cummins Confidential

  14. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Chilled Water System Schematic Cummins Confidential

  15. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Cooling Equipment (Air-cooled) Condensing Unit DX Cooling Coil Compressor Condenser Cummins Confidential

  16. Traditional HVAC Equipment • DX System Schematic With traditional equipment; water-cooled systems were 20%-30% more efficient than air-cooled systems Cummins Confidential

  17. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Boilers Cast Iron Watertube Firetube Flex-tube Cummins Confidential

  18. Traditional HVAC Equipment • Boiler Schematic Cummins Confidential

  19. New Technology and Equipment • Decoupling the space heating and cooling from the ventilation load • Ventilation Dedicated Outside Air Systems (DOAS) Demand controlled ventilation w/ CO2 sensors Air supplied at neutral temperature Delivered directly to the space or to air terminal device Supplied “where the people are” Used to maintain the space pressurization Can be used to maintain the space dewpoint temperature Cummins Confidential

  20. New Technology and Equipment • DOAS Equipment Cummins Confidential

  21. New Technology and Equipment • Space heating and cooling Traditional AHU’s and RTU’s Fan coil units Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Fan coil units Chilled Beams Radiant Panels These new space heating and cooling systems can between 15%-30% due to reduction in fan energy Cummins Confidential

  22. New Technology and Equipment • VRF Systems Cummins Confidential

  23. New Technology and Equipment • Chilled Beams Cummins Confidential

  24. New Technology and Equipment • Radiant Panels Cummins Confidential

  25. New Technology and Equipment • Compressor technology Modulating scroll compressors Magnetic bearing compressors Evaporative condensers • New compressor technology has brought the efficiencies equal to water-cooled systems • In some cases, when the cost of water treatment is included, the air-cooled (DX) systems have a lower cost of operation Cummins Confidential

  26. New Technology and Equipment • Boilers Modulating, condensing type • Heating water supply temperatures at a maximum of 140ºF • Thermal efficiencies of 95%-99% Cummins Confidential

  27. New Technology and Equipment • Building Automation Systems (BAS) Integration at a much higher level “Converged Network” • Due to open protocol controllers, able to integrate all HVAC equipment operation as well as all lighting and other energy consuming operations • Ability to sub-meter all operations Cummins Confidential

  28. New Technology and Equipment • Site Renewable Technology Geo-exchange Solar Thermal Wind Solar Photovoltaic From existing site process Cummins Confidential

  29. How to save energy • Perform an energy assessment with energy modeling • Improve the building’s envelope - Add insulation to walls and roof - Add film to existing glass to reduce solar heat gain - Reduce infiltration around doors • Reduce the dependency on steam for space heating - Use heating water systems; utilizing modulating condensing boilers - Use heating water or gas-fired equipment for heat loss at large openings Cummins Confidential

  30. How to save energy • Upgrade air-handling systems - Look at de-coupled systems - Incorporate VFD’s on all fan systems - Incorporate energy recovery • Upgrade lighting systems - Eliminate incandescent lighting - Use fluorescent or LED - Include occupancy/vacancy controls; daylight harvesting • Improve compressor technology - Replace older compressor technology with modulating or magnetic bearing type compressors Cummins Confidential

  31. How to save energy • Add additional BAS controls - Converge control of all energy consuming systems - Sub-meter various processes Cummins Confidential

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