S.C. SANTRA

1. BIOPROSPECTING OF MARINE RESOURCES IN INDIA S.C. SANTRA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF KALYANI, NADIA, WEST BENGAL Email: scsantra@yahoo.com

2. Coastline of India (7500km) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 2.02 million sq. km. • East coast 0.56 million sq.km. • West coast 0.86 million sq.km. • Around Andaman & Nicober island 0.60 million sq.km.

3. Coastal and marine biodiversity of India

4. Seaweed :It refers to several species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae that live near the seabed (benthic). Seaweeds can also be classified by use (as food, medicine, fertilizer, filtration, industrial, etc.). Sponge and coral :sponges and coral have a lot in common. They both just sit there underwater, filtering food particles, living in large colonies that provide habitats for other animals.

5. Crustacean diversity: Crustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. Many crustaceans are consumed by humans. Mollusca and echinoderms: Mollusks found in freshwater and marine environments as well as on land. Echinoderms live exclusively in marine environments. Famous echinoderms include sea stars and sea urchins.

6. Coastal Economic Activities There is a significant impact on marine bio-resources by various economic activities viz. • Offshore drilling • Aquaculture • Port activities • Tourism • Coastal mining • Marine fishing

7. Marine products export (2013-14) Source: MPEDA

8. Major terms of export • Frozen shrimps • Frozen Fish • Frozen cuttle Fish • Frozen Squid • Dried fish/shrimp and cuttle fish/squid • Live fish/cuttle fish/squid • Chilled Fish/Cuttle fish/Squid • Others

9. Item wise Export (2013-2014) Source: MPEDA

10. Source: MPEDA

11. Source: MPEDA

12. Major Exports of Market Share Source: MPEDA

13. Marketwise Export (2013-14) Source: MPEDA

14. Coastal & Marine Pollution • India’s rapid population, economic and industrial growth has created pressures on the coastal resources. Some coastal stretches in India are highly polluted with municipal waste deriving from urbanization and tourism, waste generated from industry, chemical agents from fertilizers and pesticides and silt from degraded catchments. • Untreated sewage and other non-industrial waste account more pollution than industrial effluents. Mining of sand from the sea-bed results in an increase in turbidity in the ambient water, which affects benthic organisms and primary productivity by limiting the availability of light. • Aquaculture activity in some parts of India has also placed considerable pressure on coastal resources. Construction of breakwaters, which forms part of the port development, alters the sediment transport mechanisms in the coastal areas, thereby causing erosion or accretion.

15. Coastal Zone Regulation The Coastal Zone Regulation Notification was issued in 1991 in India, under the EPA, 1986. The Notification aims at protecting and improving the quality of the coastal environment. The Notification declares the limits of the Coastal Zone and classifies it into four categories for purpose of regulation. CRZ I includes areas which are ecologically sensitive, areas of outstanding natural beauty, historical heritage or rich genetic diversity. CRZ II includes the areas that have already been developed up to or close to the shoreline. Areas that are relatively undisturbed are classified under CRZ III. CRZ IV includes the coastal stretches in the Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep and other small islands except those designated as CRZ I, II and III.

16. Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction System (COMAPS) The Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction systems (COMAPS) programme was launched in 1991, by the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) for monitoring the health of India’s coastal waters. The programme monitors the effect of anthropogenic activities on the marine environment periodically and assesses the impact on the marine flora and fauna in the coastal waters of India. Studies related to the waste assimilation capacity of coastal waters have been undertaken from 1997-98 onwards.

17. Conservation of Marine living resources To address the concern for conservation of marine living resources, in some marine areas which support high biodiversity, such as the Gulf of Mannar and Wandoor (Andaman) have been declared as marine national parks, while some other coastal areas such as the Malvan coast (Maharashtra) and the Gulf of Kutch (Gujarat) have been declared marine sanctuaries. The Gahirmatha beach (Orissa) where mass nesting of the endangered Olive Ridley turtle takes place was accorded marine sanctuary status in 1997.

18. Marine protected Areas of India A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters - similar to parks we have on land. These places are given special protections for natural or historic marine resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities. • A totally marine area with no significant terrestrial parts. • An area containing both marine and terrestrial components, which can vary between two extremes; those that are predominantly maritime with little land (for example, an atoll would have a tiny island with a significant maritime population surrounding it), or that is mostly terrestrial. • Marine ecosystems that contain land and intertidal components only. For example, a mangrove forest would contain no open sea or ocean marine environment, but its river-like marine ecosystem nevertheless complies with the definition. Source: A paper presented by Chandrika Sharma at a workshop organized by the International Collective in Support of Fishworkers in Chennai in 2009 Source: K Sivakumar, Coastal and Marine BiodiversityProtected Areas in India: 2013.

19. Endangered Marine Species Five species of marine turtles are found in Indian coastal waters. These are the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas),Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), loggerhead (Caretta caretta), leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), and hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelyx imbricata). Except for the Loggerhead, the other four species nest in India. The BhitarKanika WildLife Sanctuary is another globally important site for nesting for the Olive Ridley turtle. A total of 32 critical habitats which include the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Khambat, Gulf of Malvan, islands off Karwar, islands off Kochi and Lakshadweep islands have been identified in India. leatherback sea turtle Green sea turtle Olive ridley turtles Hawksbill turtle loggerhead turtle

20. Coastal Aquaculture Concern Aquaculture activity got a boost in the early 1990s in the coastal parts of India on account of economic liberalization policies initiated by the GOI. The increased production was both a result of increased area under expansion and increased productivity. Coastal aquaculture in India is mainly related to shrimp farming. The contribution of cultured shrimps to the total shrimp export increased from 48.78% in 1988-89 to 75.07 % in 1998-99. The Supreme Court declaring it contrary to the CRZ notification and banning all aquaculture activities, except traditional and improved traditional within upto 500 m of the High Tide Line (HTL) in most coastal areas.

21. Over-Exploitation of Fish & Other Coastal communities • The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act, 1981 provides regulations for foreign fishing vessels operating in Indian waters. The Coast Guard and the State/UT Police has been authorized under the Act to apprehend and prosecute unauthorized foreign fishing vessels/crew for fishing/poaching in Indian waters. • The Marine Fishing Regulation Act (MFRA), 1978. Consistent with the guidelines contained in the MFRA, 1978, which is a model act, providing guidelines to the maritime states, legislations have been enacted and enforced for regulating fishing and conservative measures in territorial waters. Such state enactments provide for regulation of mesh size to avoid catching juvenile fish, regulation of gear to avoid over-exploitation of certain species, reservation of zones for various fishing sectors to provide exclusive rights to traditional fishermen to fish unhindered in near-shore areas and also for declaration of closed seasons during the fish-breeding period to avoid catching of young juvenile fish.

22. Bioprospecting Marine Biological Resources • Sea weeds (Gracillaria, Gelidium, Porphyra, Tubinaria, Padina, Sargassum etc.) • Horse Shoe Crab • Other benthic Algae • Mollusc (Cuttle fish, Lobster) • Echinoderms • Marine fishes

23. Marine Benthic algae

24. Antimicrobial activity of marine benthic algae

25. Antimicrobial activity of marine benthic algae

26. Gracilaria : It is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) notable for its economic importance as an agarophyte, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. Gelidium: It is a genus of thalloid red algae.  Many of the algae in this genus are used to make agar, whose componets are the polysaccharide agarose and agaropectin, from the large amount of algin which is located in the algae's cell wall This algae is used to make agar, whose componets are the polysaccharide agarose and agaropectin, from the large amount of algin which is located in the algae's cell wall, as well it is sometimes served as part of a salad, puddings, jams, and other culinary dishes in producing regions.  Porphyrais a coldwater seaweed that grows in cold, shallow seawater. More specifically, it is belong to red algae phylum of laver species. It is used to produce the sea vegetable products Nori (in Japan) and Gim (in Korea). Most human cultures with access to Porphyra use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae, known as laver, nori(Japanese), amanori (Japanese), zakai, gim (Korean), zicai (Chinese), karengosloke or slukos Gracillaria Gelidium Porphyra

27. Turbinariais a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) found primarily in tropical marine waters. It generally grows on rocky substrates and are often preferentially consumed by herbivorous fishes and echinoids. It used as a way of removing lead from aqueous solutions • Padinapavonicais a brown alga of the family of Pheophycaea. The Active molecules of the extract of Padinapavonica (AMPP) amplify the fixation of calcium by osteoblasts • Sargassum is a genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales. Tubinaria Padina Sargassum

28. Horseshoe crabs are marine arthropods of the family Limulidae and order Xiphosura or Xiphosurida, that live primarily in and around shallow ocean waters on soft sandy or muddy bottoms. Tetrodotoxin may be present in the roe of species inhabiting the waters of Thailand. Horseshoe crabs are extremely important to the biomedical industry because their unique, copper-based blue blood contains a substance called Limulus amebocyte lysate. The substance, which coagulates in the presence of small amounts of bacterial toxins, is used to test for sterility of medical equipment and virtually all intravenous drugs. • Benthic algae: Micro algae are ubiquitous in aquatic areas where sunlight reaches the sediment surface. are a source of food, energy and cover for many organisms. Dead algae also drift to the open ocean and are a source of food for detritus and filter feeders in ecosystems further away. Benthic microorganisms (benthic microalgae and bacteria) are instrumental in controlling the exchange of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, across the sediment-water interface. Benthic microalgae, in particular, may help to buffer the water column from eutrophication by storing nutrients that would otherwise be used by phytoplankton and bacteria in the water column. • Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida. In East Asia, dried, shredded cuttlefish is a popular snack food. In the Qing Dynasty manual of Chinese gastronomy, the Suiyuan shidan, the roe of the cuttlefish is considered a difficult to prepare but sought-after delicacy. Cuttlefish ink was formerly an important dye, called sepia. Today, artificial dyes have mostly replaced natural sepia Horse Shoe Crab benthic Algae Cuttle fish

29. Lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. They have long bodies with muscular tails, and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. Highly prized as seafood, lobsters are economically important, and are often one of the most profitable commodities in coastal areas they populate. • Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of the Phylum Echinodermata. These were harvested, mainly for consumption • Marinefish Fish-derived bioactive peptides can be developed as antihypertensive components in functional foods or nutraceuticals. This contribution presents an overview of the ACE inhibitory peptides derived from marine fishes and discusses their future prospects to be used as potential drug candidates for preventing and treating high blood pressure. • Jelly fish An international research team led by University of Queensland venomologist Associate Professor Bryan Fry has developed a new technique for 'milking' box jellyfish to extract deadly venom for the development into lifesaving drugs. Lobster Echinoderms Marine fishes

30. Towards a healthier marine environment • The Government of India has given considerable attention to commitments under Agenda 21 with regard to the marine environment. The Government has been successful in collecting scientific data in various fields of oceanography. • What is required now is to recognize the linkages between the health of the environment and anthropogenic activities, through a more detailed study of the processes involved, their linkages with the social system and a greater use of inputs from the social sciences. • Because of the multiple uses to which coastal areas can be put, the major challenge in coastal management is resource-use conflict in coastal areas. Such conflicts of interest arise between traditional and development cultures, between different users, between the small, medium and large fishermen and between the coastal community and the polluters. • These conflicts can be meaningfully resolved through an integrated approach that assimilates inputs from various disciplines and a greater use of multi-stakeholder consultation at all levels.

31. Thank you