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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Glucose Metabolism 9.10. The point is to make ATP Moving H-atoms…..moves energy from one molecule to another Oxidation/Reduction OIL RIG *Coupled Reactions LEO GER Oxidized? Reduced?. 3 Main Principles:. Glucose Oxygen.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Glucose Metabolism 9.10

  2. The point is to make ATP • Moving H-atoms…..moves energy from one molecule to another • Oxidation/Reduction OIL RIG *Coupled Reactions LEO GER Oxidized? Reduced? 3 Main Principles: Glucose Oxygen RESPIRATION: Process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions. Converting food energy* (C6H12O6) into ATP. *Need ATP for some coupled reactions… (*Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Other Carbohydrates).

  3. GLUCOSE is Broken down • Occurs in steps • Bond energy is released as ATP + HEAT • Small amounts of energy released at each step…controlled by enzymes (reaction rate) • Occurs CONSTANTLY WHY IN STEPS?

  4. FOUR STAGES (notes) • GLYCOLYSIS • FORMATION OF ACETYL CoA • CITRIC ACID (KREBS) CYCLE • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN TWO MAIN TYPES: Cellular Respiration Fermentation Mitochondria/ETC Cytosol/Cytoplasm

  5. Does NOT require oxygen (Can be aerobic or anaerobic) • Requires: ATP, ADP, NAD+ • TWO PHASES: Endergonic & Exergonic “Investment- Capture” • 1 Glucose 2 pyruvate (2-3C) NET 2 ATP, 2 NADH

  6. 3 steps: Kinase: Phosphorylation of glucose *More chemically Active Isomerase (Glucose 6P to Fructose6P) Kinase: 2nd Phosphorylation Fructose6P to Fructose 1,6P) 5 steps (2 G3P) 2 more steps: Split, Isomerase One Step: Gain of H (NAD+ to NADH) Powers Gain of Pi (Inorganic Phosphate) *Inorganic phosphate in cytoplasm 5 steps *Oxidation of NAD+ to NADH Last 4 Steps: Kinase… Substrate Level Phosphorylation * ADP to ATP

  7. NAD+ + 2H H = e- p+ H = e- p+ NAD+ + e- = NAD + H (e- and p+) = NADH “Energy on Hold” Powering the Electrochemical gradient • Substrate Level Phosphorylation NADH ATP is formed by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate (Glycolysis) in an exergonic catabolic pathway to ADP

  8. Available O 2 CR Purpose: Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis

  9. FERMENTATION • Muscle Cells • Bacteria sugar in milk to Lactic acid (*Flavors, yogurt) *enzyme?

  10. Ethanol is the “waste product” FERMENTATION

  11. Remove a carboxyl group COOH (Decarboxylation, as CO2 and H) • Oxidize the 2C fragment, 2NAD+ is reduced to 2NADH- - - - ETC • Coenzyme A ‘transport molecule’ is attached to the acetyl group The S-C bond can be broken, Acetyl group (2C X 2) enters Krebs) Formation of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate (3C) “The Escort” Intermembranal Area of the Mitochondria Oxidative Decarboxylation STEPS:

  12. Oxidative Decarboxylation • TOTAL ENERGY SO FAR: 4 NADH (2 Glycolysis, 2 formation of acetyl CoA) 2 ATP (From Glycolysis)

  13. CITRIC ACID CYCLE (TRICARBOXYLIC-TCA) • Mitochondrial Matrix • 5 steps • TWO Cycles/Glucose • YIELD: (per Glucose) 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

  14. 2. 2 CO2 removed/cycle (4/glucose) Decarboxylation • 4C + 2C = 6C Oxaloacetic + Acetyl = Citric Acid KREBS STEPS/YIELD 4. OA4C > 6C > 5C > 4C > 4C > OA4C Per Glucose: 4 CO2, 2 ATP 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 “Energy On Hold” 3. Substrate level Phosphorylation, 2 ATP/Glucose

  15. Protons (H+) move across I, III and IV (Each electron moves 1 H out). • One NADH…2 e- From I to IV…6 H+ out of matrix (At V- can get 1 ATP/2 H+) • (Inner membrane NOT permeable to NADH; glycolysis count is different) • One FADH2…2e- from II to IV…4 H+ out of matrix……eventually 2 ATP • Electrons fall to successively lower energy levels as carriers are reduced/ oxidized…moving H+ and resulting in the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP • Protons re-enter the matrix at V with ATP synthase enzyme; chemiosmosis • Final electron acceptor is Oxygen, + 2P, produces H2O (No O2, No ETC) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

  16. *NADH from Glycolysis: In Liver, Kidney, Heart- 3ATP; Skeletal muscle, brain- 2 ATP NET ENERGY YIELD: Cellular Respiration *NADH From Glycolysis 1 mol glucose burned- 686kcal released as heat. 36-38 ATP G is ~274kcal 274/686 40% efficient

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