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Benign Breast Disease

Benign Breast Disease. Elizabeth Peralta, M.D. Breast Surgeon Sutter Pacific Medical Group of the Redwoods. Breast Complaints. Pain Mass Skin or Nipple Changes Nipple Discharge. Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Complaints. Most important is to rule out malignancy

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Benign Breast Disease

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  1. Benign Breast Disease Elizabeth Peralta, M.D. Breast Surgeon Sutter Pacific Medical Group of the Redwoods

  2. Breast Complaints • Pain • Mass • Skin or Nipple Changes • Nipple Discharge

  3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Complaints • Most important is to rule out malignancy • Significance of a finding is greatest in a high-risk patient • Balance between reassurance and exhausting all diagnostic options • Treatment should not be worse than the disease

  4. Mammary ductogram demonstrating lobules

  5. Pre-menarchal ductule Terminal ductal-lobular unit

  6. Breast Development Menarche and Reproductive Cycles: • Pulsed estrogen exposure causes rapid growth, elongation and branching • Term pregnancy leads to terminal differentiation and stops growth • End bud epithelial tissue undergoes cyclic proliferation • Breast feeding is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer

  7. Normal breast in pregnancy and after

  8. Breast Development • Involution: Changes of involution begin after cessation of lactation and continue through menopause • Competing involution and proliferative processes are patchy and increased in peri-menopause and with HRT • Hyperplasia with atypia and DCIS peak in this period

  9. Involutional and cystic change

  10. Pre-Cancer Changes • Intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN): a lesion which is non-invasive but contains genetic abnormalities, loss of cellular control functions, and some microscopic features of cancer cells

  11. Biopsy results which represent increased breast cancer risk: • Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH) • Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia (ALH) • Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)

  12. Biopsy results which do not show breast cancer risk: • Cysts • Fibrosis

  13. Breast Cancer RiskMajor Risk Factors (RR > 4) Previous breast cancer Family history (bilateral, premenopausal or mother and sister) Atypical hyperplasia LCIS or DCIS

  14. L

  15. Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)

  16. Causes of Breast Pain • Endocrine: Cyclical, peri-menopausal, and with hormone replacement therapy • Edema/weight (caffeine, lack of support) • Mastitis (term usually associated with lactational problems) • Breast Abscess • Angina, esophagitis • Costochondritis, fibromyalgia, anxiety?

  17. Treatment of Breast Pain • Elastic/compressive bra (sport or minimizer style rather than underwire or push-up) • NSAIDS (topical?) Omega-3 fatty acids (evening primrose oil) • Decrease or stop hormone replacement • Danazol, gestrinone, tamoxifen may help but cause hot flashes and masculinizing effects • 50% spontaneous remission, therefore, vitamin E, b complex, evening primrose oil, decreasing caffeine seem to help half the time!

  18. Evaluation of a Breast Mass

  19. Case 1: Palpable breast mass • 36 y/o woman with cyclical breast tenderness • Noticed a new mass 2 days ago • Very anxious because a cousin had breast cancer at age 36

  20. Mammogram of palpable breast mass

  21. Sonogram of simple cyst

  22. Case 2: Palpable breast mass • 42 y/o woman, “I always have lumpy breasts” found a new lump • Onset 3 months ago, not changing • Moderate cyclical breast pain • Lump is in upper outer quadrant, firm, but very mobile

  23. Mammogram of palpable breast mass

  24. Sonogram of fibroadenoma

  25. Case 3: Breast Redness and Pain • 55 y/o woman, heavy smoker • Onset of breast pain 4 days ago • Gradually worsening, with accompanying mass and erythema • Not participating in mammographic screening

  26. Breast Pain and Erythema

  27. Sonogram of breast abscess

  28. Non-lactational breast abscess: • The median age at presentation was 40yr (range 22-71). Among cases, 17 of 19 (89%) were smokers with a mean exposure of 24.4 pk-yr each. • In the control group, 9 of 42 (21%) were smokers with a mean exposure of 17.7 pk-yr each (p=0.001, chi-square test of independence). • Ten of the 19 required surgical drainage and one of these revealed carcinoma associated with the abscess, necessitating mastectomy.

  29. Conclusions: Smoking and Breast Abscesses • Subareolar abscess is strongly associated with cigarette smoking, with the average patient presenting at age 40 after smoking more than 20 years. • Aspiration and antibiotics, the preferred treatment for lactational abscess, had less than a 50% success rate in this population. • Carcinoma must be ruled out in both surgically and conservatively managed patients. • Smokers who present with subareolar abscess should be urged to quit for this and other health reasons

  30. Spontaneous Unilateral, single orifice Clear or blood-tinged Progresses over time DDX: Duct ectasia, intraductal papilloma, DICS 10% malignant Elicited, intermittent Multiple ducts, bilateral Green, murky, white May stop if abstain from manipulation Biopsy if abnormal imaging or progressive Same DDX Nipple Discharge

  31. Evaluation of Nipple Discharge • History • Prolactin, TSH if suspect galactorrhea • Mammogram, ultrasound • Ductogram optional • Surgical consultation, Mammary duct excision is diagnostic and stops discharge • Vacuum assisted core needle biopsy may also stop the discharge

  32. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk Years of HormoneTreatment 20 yr cumulative breast cancer rate /1000 women None 45 5 47 10 51 20 57

  33. Cancer Prevention • Quit smoking: More women die of lung cancer than breast cancer • Maintain a healthy balance of exercise, recreation, rest, and weight control • Chemoprevention: for women at increased risk (family history, abnormal biopsy)

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