Columbus to Constitution

1. Columbus to Constitution By: Rachel Perez, Sara Berryhill, Gabriel Hillebrand

2. Sailed the Ocean Blue • Christopher Columbus was an Italian born in Genoa, Italy in 1451. He went to the Spanish hoping they would fund his trip to India. • In 1492 Columbus set sail for India to find a direct trade route that cut out the middle man for trading spices. • He landed in the North American Island of Hispaniola • Effects of the discovery: • New World Settlements would arise • Old world diseases infected indigenous peoples • Crops from the new world fed a population boom

3. New vs. Old • The Old World brought new livestock, and disease • Horses that were brought by the Europeans and escaped were captured by the Native Americans who learned to ride them and used them for hunting and migrating • The immune systems of the Natives could not fight off the diseases that were brought on by the Europeans • The New World was a place full of new foods, gold and silver, and indigenous people • Explorers brought home foods rich with with nutrients and loaded with sugars. The people of the old world were eating these new foods and there was a population boom because of it. The trading of these foods also boosted the economy in Europe.

4. Empires in America • English- Settled in the Northeast, and in the Middle colonies. • Jamestown was for economic trade/ growing tobacco • Mostly single men colonized it • Plymouth was a religious settlement • Puritans settled here. Mostly complete families • Spanish- Colonized southern areas, like Florida and the Carribeans • St. Augustine is one of the oldest settlements in America • Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal • French - Settled much of Canada • They were traders. They traded furs and skins with the Native Americans

5. Early Colonization - Jamestown • 1606: King James I granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish an English settlement • 1607: Jamestown, Virginia was founded and was the first permanent English Colony • Their main economic income came from selling Tobacco back to England • Imployed the “headright” system • Whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres • By 1700, about 100,000 “white slaves” occupied the Chesapeake Bay • “He who does not work, neither shall he eat” - John Smith (Work Ethic)

6. Early Colonization - Plymouth • Founded in 1620 by William Bradford and Pilgrims • Based on the idea of a freedom of religion community as well as keeping the English identity • Corporate - Self-Government • All settlers signed Mayflower Compact; Helped establish the idea of creating a self-governing body

7. Early Colonization - Massachusetts • John Winthrop and Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 • Their goal was to establish a perfect society based on Puritan Ideals • This philosophy was later recognized as a “City on a Hill”

8. Early Colonization - Pennsylvania • Founded in the 1682 by William Penn • Based off Quaker Ideals (Open to Everything) • Offered settlers religious and political liberties

9. Religious Development

10. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion • Virginia frontiersmen who were seeking new land, clashed with the Indians • Frontiersmen requested help but government but refused aid fearing Indian War • Bacon led a group into Jamestown and burned it down • Colonial rebellion against government authority • Revision of indentured servant system, greater reliance on slave labor

11. Mercantilism Philosophy • Believed that wealth was power and a country's economic wealth was measured in gold and silver • To acquire the gold and silver, country needed to export more than import • Colonies could supply both raw materials to the mother country and provide a guaranteed market for exports • The London government looked on the American colonies as a pawn in their game for economic success

12. French and Indian War 1754-1763 Causes Effects -The English and French settlers had attempted to colonize land in the Ohio River Valley, near present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. -struggle for territory and lands. -The French settlers in America were predominantly Catholics and they felt threatened by the anti-catholic majority of the British. The British were used to religious freedom and feared being controlled by the French and the papacy. -British won. -great expansion for British in the New World. -large number of casualties. -lessened native american population.

13. End of Salutary Neglect/Stamp Act -After the French and Indian War the British government was insistent on making the colonies help pay for the debt created during the war. This lead to the Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Act which placed a tax on certain goods. Taxes in combination with British involvement with colonial affairs angered the colonists who began to organize action against the British. -SUGAR ACT 1764 - Enforced a duty on sugar imported into the colonies. Violators were sent to vice-admiralty courts where there was no trial by jury or assumption of innocence. STAMP ACT 1765 - Required legal documents, publications, and cards to be on taxed paper. Started to anger important figures such as lawyers etc. TOWNSHEND REVENUE ACTS 1767 - Duty on tea, lead, paper, and glass.

14. Proclamation Line of 1763 The Proclamation Line of 1763 stopped American colonists from colonizing regions west of the Appalachian Mountains. The colonists would have been limited to live only along the east coast. This law was created to stop conflict between Native Americans and the colonists, however, colonists only saw it as an attempt to limit their expansion. However, the colonists completely ignored the law and moved westward. This law had no effect on limiting colonial expansion, it only furthered tensions between the British and the American colonists and added to the start of the Revolutionary War.

15. The Great Awakening What? - Religious revival through British American Colonies. When? -1730’s to 1755 Effects on established churches- Awakening (new light) preachers set up their own schools and churches throughout the colonies. Princetown University was one school. The old ministers refused to accept this new style of worship. One surprising result was greater religious toleration. With so many new denominations, it was apparent that no one religion would dominate any region.

16. Deism Rejected the original sin of man, believed in a supreme being that Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. Denies Christ's divinity.

17. The Declaration of Independence Contents Written by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers of his time. Provisions: Part 1 - Explains the necessity of independence for the preservation of basic laws and rights. Part 2 - Lists a series of "abuses and usurpations" by the king and his government; Jefferson claimed that this treatment violated the social contract the British monarch had with the his colonies, thereby justifying the actions his American subjects felt compelled to take. Part 3 - Ends with what is tantamount to a formal declaration of war.

18. Revolutionary War `

19. French Aid The French helped the colonists during the war by providing monetary support, soldiers, and military trainers. They helped in order to try and drive their British competitors out of the Americas. *Spain eventually joined in the war as well

20. Treaty of Paris Countries that fought in the war sent leaders to Paris in order to work out a treaty. • America - Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay went to negotiate for America concerning the treaty • They got land from the Mississippi, the Great Lakes, and Florida • Had to Give the Loyalists their land back and pay their debts to Britain • The British violated the treaty by keeping forts north of the Ohio River, claiming they wouldn’t leave until the debt of war was paid and the properties of the loyalists were returned to them.

21. Articles Of Confederation The Articles of Confederation were set in place from 1781 to 1789. They were designed as a reaction to centralized authority, and so were not very effective in managing an entire nation. The ultimate political power was left to the separate states to basically govern themselves. *They couldn’t raise an army

22. Articles of Confederation Weaknesses • No chief executive • Congress worked in Committees • No uniformity or coordination • Required 9 of 13 states to approve laws • Not many states agreed with each other, and delegates were rarely all together at once • Required all states to approve amendments • There was never any agreement between states so no laws were ever amended • No power to levy or collect taxes. Congress had to ask for money from the states. • There was no reason for states to lend the money • No power to regulate interstate commerce • Led to disputes between states and inability for Congress to regulate foreign trade and protect American Businesses • No power to enforce treaties • Couldn’t force Britain to abide by the Treaty of Paris • No power to enforce its own laws • Could only request states to follow the law • No national court systems • Difficult for states to abide by state court decisions

23. Shays’ Rebellion • Farmers in Massachusetts were disgruntled because of mortgage foreclosures and high taxes • Daniel Shays, their leader, led a small movement against the government and demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers • The uprising was diminished after three were killed in fights with a small army raised by the Massachusetts state government. • the army was funded by the wealthy

24. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Acres of the Old Northwest would be sold and the proceeds would go to pay national debt • land gained in the treaty of Paris • Every 16th section of each township would be set aside for public schools • Squatters would move into the Ohio territory and Native Americans refused to leave the land

25. Land Ordinance of 1787 • Townships and settlements in the Northwest would be territories at first • After the population in a territory reached 60,000 people, it would gain full congressional statehood with all of the privileges of all the states • Slavery would be forbidden in the old Northwest