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MOSAIC Conference, Budapest, Sept. 2012 Julia Jennings California Institute of Technology

Living Arrangements of t he Elderly in Late 19 th Century Orkney, Scotland: Poverty And Proximity Of Kin. MOSAIC Conference, Budapest, Sept. 2012 Julia Jennings California Institute of Technology. Orkney, Scotland. Elderly, coresidence , & proximity of Kin. Household position

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MOSAIC Conference, Budapest, Sept. 2012 Julia Jennings California Institute of Technology

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  1. Living Arrangements of the Elderly in Late 19th Century Orkney, Scotland: Poverty And Proximity Of Kin MOSAIC Conference, Budapest, Sept. 2012 Julia Jennings California Institute of Technology

  2. Orkney, Scotland

  3. Elderly, coresidence, & proximity of Kin • Household position • Head/wife, parent, other • Coresidence • Perspective of elderly • Immigrant status • Not born on island of residence • Compound Household South Ronaldsay, c. 1900, Tom Kent, Orkney Photo Archive

  4. Compound Households • At least 2 dwellings • Single set of farming outbuildings • Shared garden • Occupied by kin

  5. Poor Law in Scotland • Different from England • “Deserving poor” • Outdoor relief • Local Kirk (Church) Sessions • No institutions in North Orkney Spinners, Holm, c. 1890, Orkney Image Library

  6. Elderly and poverty

  7. Significant Predictors of Pauper status, Logistic Regression (coef.) Females Widowed* (0.63) Unmarried* (1.07) Head in Ag (-2.06) N=66, 3.4% of males aged 60+ Males • Widowed* (1.73) • Unmarried* (3.23) • Immigrant (-0.69) • Compound HH (0.41) • Head in Ag (-1.32) • N=300, 12.6% of females aged 60+ Not shown: controls for age, census year *married is reference category

  8. Age-sex Structure 1851 1901

  9. Population Decline

  10. Coresidence by census year, proportion of Females

  11. Coresidence by Census Year, proportion of Males

  12. Proportion coresiding

  13. Coresidence of females, logistic regression

  14. Coresidence of Males, logistic regression

  15. Findings • Stability over time • Compound HH arrangements for solitary and impoverished • Residence patterns of paupers distinct from other elderly • Living with children and other kin associated with farming Turnip singling, c. 1900 Tom Kent, Orkney Photo Archives

  16. Remaining questions, Future work • Who is supporting who? • Disabled? • How much relief? • Best way to use data • Linked death records • Linked census records • Spatial context Aikerness, Westray, 2008

  17. Household Position

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