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Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP

Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP. 1. RESPIRATION. ENERGY. 3. All living cells are made up of chemical substances The processes of living involve reactions between the substances A reaction is an event which produces a change in a substance

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Cellular Respiration (Making ATP from food) crash-course-bio ATP

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  1. Cellular Respiration(Making ATP from food)crash-course-bio ATP

  2. 1 RESPIRATION ENERGY

  3. 3 All living cells are made up of chemical substances The processes of living involve reactionsbetween the substances A reactionis an event which produces a change in a substance For example, a reaction between carbon and oxygen (such as burning coal in air) changes the carbon in the coal, and oxygen in the air into carbon dioxide This reaction can be represented by the equation CO2 C + O2 carbon oxygen carbon dioxide

  4. o o 4 plus an atom of carbon c a molecule of oxygen O2 C combine to form a molecule of carbon dioxide CO2

  5. Metabolizing Molecules Metabolism – all the chemical reactions occuring in your cells at one time

  6. Two types of chemical reactions can occur as an organism metabolizes molecules: Anabolic reactions - this type of reaction builds molecules (specifically, small molecules are combined into large molecules for repair, growth or storage). Catabolic reactions – this type of reaction breaks down molecules to release their stored energy

  7. What do you use to get yourself out of bed in the morning? • ENERGY

  8. Where do our cells get energy? • 6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of energy for cell • What type of macromolecule are 6-C sugars? • Carbohydrates • Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make ATP “energy”

  9. What is a molecule of energy? • ATP • So, did you eat ATP last night? • Or did you eat pizza? • Food you eat must be broken down into carbs (sugar), protein, and lipids (fat).

  10. Setting the stage… • Eat! • Amylase breaks down starch glucose • Digestion • Circulation • Into cells (facilitated diffusion) Phytosynthesis is done by autotrophs to convert solar energy into chemical energy. Cellular respiration is the process of converting chemical energy to ATP. C6H12O6 + 6O2 ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O At first glance it may appear as if phytosynthesis and cellular respiration are the reverse process But they occur in different organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and the chemical reactions are very different.

  11. Transferring Energy with ATP • Cells transfer energy between anabolic and catabolic reactions by using an energy middleman -ATP (adenosine triphosphate) • When ATP supplies energy to a process, one of its phosphates gets transferred to another molecule, changing it into ADP (adenosine diphosphate). • Cells can recreate ATP by using a catabolic reaction to reacttach a phosphate group to ADP.

  12. Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

  13. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

  14. Define Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is a process where oxygen is used to break down organic compounds (sugars) to produce ATP (energy).

  15. 7 One of the energy-producing reactions is called respiration (Respiration is not the same thing as breathing) The chemical reactions of respiration take place in all living cells The reaction takes place between oxygen and a substance which contains carbon. The reaction produces carbon dioxide and water, and releases energy

  16. 8 The carbon-containing substances come from FOOD The oxygen comes from the AIR (or water) The energy is used to drive other chemical reactions taking place in cells One example of this is the release of energy in muscle cells to make them contract and produce movement

  17. 10 muscle contraction germination chemical changes in cells cell division Some examples of the use of energy in organisms Respiration supplies the energy for

  18. Energy use in muscle contraction 11 shoulder blade The blood stream brings food and oxygen to the muscle cells. Respiration occurs in the cells and releases energy which …… upper arm bone lower arm bones

  19. 12 …….makes the muscle contract and pull the lower arm up

  20. One example of respiration in ourselves 2. The lungs absorb oxygen from the air 1. Air taken in 1.Food taken in 2.The stomach and intestine digest food. One of the products is glucose 3.The blood stream carries glucose and oxygen to the muscles 4RESPIRATION Glucose and oxygen react to produce energy for muscle contraction 15 5 Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs by the blood

  21. Where does cellular respiration occur? • In the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.

  22. Mitochondria • The matrix where 3-carbon pieces that came from carbohydrates are broken down to (CO2 and water) • The cristae is where ATP is made

  23. Mini Lab • 1. Open and close your hand as many times as possible for 30 seconds. Have your partner time and record the results…QUICKLY! After only a 5 second break repeat this step for a total of 5 trials. • 2. After you have completed the 5 trials. Switch jobs with your partner, and record your partner’s 5 trials.

  24. Observations: • How did your hand feel after the 1st trial? • 3rd trial? • 5th trial? • How did the amount of times you could open and close your hand change from the 1st trial to the 5th trial?

  25. Analysis: • Can you think of a time where your body got tired from working hard? Give an example. • Why do you think your hand began feeling this way? • Why do you think your muscles get sore after a hard work out?

  26. Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy • The Stages of Cellular Respiration- Cellular respiration has two main stages: • Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis. • Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen). A large amount of ATP is made during aerobic respiration.

  27. Flowchart Cellular Respiration Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) + ATP Glucose(C6H1206) + Oxygen(02) Glycolysis KrebsCycle ElectronTransportChain

  28. THE BIG PICTURE Cellular Respiration ATP Glycolysis Aerobic Anaerobic ATP Krebs Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation ATP ATP ATP Electron Transport Chain

  29. Key Terms: • Aerobic – occurs with oxygen • Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen

  30. Cellular Respiration (3-stages when oxygen is present) • Glycolysis • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

  31. A little help with some important terms we will need: Enzymes are proteins BUT many need a nonprotein partner in order to do their job. Inorganic partners such as iron, potassium, magnesium and zinc are called cofactors. Organic partners are called coenzymes. They are small molecules that can separate from the protein and participate directly in the chemical reaction. Examples of coenzymes include many derivatives of vitamins.

  32. Oxidation is a chemical process that removes electrons from molecules. Reduction is the process that gives electrons to molecules. During cellular respiration enzymes remove electrons from food molecules and transfer the electrons to coenzymes.

  33. Glycolysis (Splitting Sugar) • Begins with a 6-carbon molecule, usually glucose, ends with 2, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. • Produces 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • Will occur with or without oxygen. Glucose C C C C C C Pyruvate C C C C C C 2 ATP

  34. Glycolysis • Glucose (and phosphate from 2 ATP molecules are required to get it started) is broken down into two - 3 carbon and phosphate groups, which is then broken down into pyruvic acid and 4 ATP. • Net gain of 2 ATP.

  35. During cellular respiration, enzymes remove electrons from food molecules and then transfer the electrons to the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). • NAD+ and FAD receive the electrons as part of hydrogen (H) atoms, which change them into their reduced forms: NADH and FADH2

  36. NAD+ and FAD act like electron shuttle buses for the cell. The empty buses NAD+ and FAD collect electron passengers. The “H” sign goes up to show that the bus is full – NADH and FADH2 • The bus drives over to the reactions that need the electrons, drop off the passengers and go back to the oxidation reaction to collect new passengers.

  37. Glycolysis Summary • Out • 2 pyruvate (3-C) • 2 NADH • 2 ATP (net) • In • Glucose (6-C) Where? Cytoplasm Oxygen required? No

  38. Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Glycolysis: Step 1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

  39. A Little Krebs Cycle History • Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 • He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery • Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

  40. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Begins with two, 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate which go from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Together two pyruvate molecules produce: 2 ATP, 2 CO2 and then two types of electron carriers: NADH and FADH2 Electron Carrier - NADH C Pyruvate ATP + O O + C C C Electron Carrier – FADH2

  41. Krebs Cycle Summary • Out • 2 CO2 (as waste) • NADH • FADH2 • 2 ATP • In • 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate is broken into a two carbon molecule called acetyl-coA. The Krebs cycle breaks down acetyl-coA into carbon dioxide. Cells use the Krebs cycle for breaking down fatty acids and amino acids. Where? Mitochondrial matrix Oxygen required? Yes

  42. The Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

  43. Aerobic Respiration ATP Glycolysis Aerobic ATP Krebs ATP Electron Transport Chain

  44. In the inner membranes of the mitochondria in your cells, hundreds of little cellular machines are busy working to transfer energy. • The machines are called electron transfer chains. They are made of a team of proteins that sit in the membranes, transferring energy and electrons.

  45. The coenzymes NADH and FADH2 carry energy and electrons from glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to the electron transport chain. • The coenzymes transfer the electrons to the proteins of the electron transport chain, which pass the electrons down the chain. • The bucket is the protein, the water the electrons.

  46. Oxygen collects the electrons at the end of the chain. While oxygen accepts the electron, it also picks up protons (H+) and forms H2O. • While electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, the proteins move protons (H+) across the membranes of the mitochondria. • These protons flow back across the membrane through a protein called ATP synthase.

  47. It adds phosphate molecules to ADP forming ATP. • Process is also called oxidative phosphorylation. • At the end of this entire process, the energy transferred from glucose is 36 to 38 molecules of ATP.

  48. Electron Transport Chain • In • NADH • FADH2 • Out • 32 ATP electron carriers • Where? Inner membrane of mitochondria • Oxygen required? Yes • Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP • O2 combines with TWO H+ to form H2O • Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from cellular respiration

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