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Effective Literature Searching in an Evidence-Based Age Jinan University Sat Dec 8, 2018

Effective Literature Searching in an Evidence-Based Age Jinan University Sat Dec 8, 2018 Presented by Aida F arha Medical Information Specialist Medical Librarian AUB Saab Medical Library faa76@mail.aub.edu. Aim of This Seminar.

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Effective Literature Searching in an Evidence-Based Age Jinan University Sat Dec 8, 2018

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  1. Effective Literature Searching in an Evidence-Based Age Jinan University Sat Dec 8, 2018 Presented by Aida Farha Medical Information Specialist Medical Librarian AUB Saab Medical Library faa76@mail.aub.edu

  2. Aim of This Seminar • To understand value of information retrieval skills; • To understand basic search techniques; • Provide tips on effective Googling; • To be able to search PubMed; • Explore reliable free health resources; • Introduce proper literature reviews principles; • Introduce evidence-based concept and value.

  3. Library session, anyone?!

  4. "Half of what you are taught as medical students will in 10 years have been shown to be wrong. And the trouble is none of your teachers knows which half" Dr. Sydney Burwell 1956

  5. Medical literature doubles every 3-5 years. • 6500 medical articles/day. • 1800 article into PubMed/day. Tsunami of Information… High cost of NOT finding information

  6. Broad Types of Information Background Information If you know little about a topic / need introduction / general information: descriptions, causes, symptoms, treatment... Foreground Information Familiar with a topic but trying to determine a new or alternative course of action based on evidence. "focused" questions that search for more specific & current research.

  7. Basic Computer Search Options…

  8. Boolean Operators

  9. Boolean Operators H P

  10. Boolean Operators P H P AND H

  11. Boolean Operators H HBP

  12. Boolean Operators H HBP H OR HBP

  13. Mixture of Boolean Operators in one Sentence If you are looking for Hypertension in Pregnancy, which statement is the correct one? (P AND H) OR HBP P AND (H OR HBP)

  14. Default Boolean Hospital infection Hospital AND infection “hospital infection”

  15. Truncation Polluti*

  16. Truncation Polluti* Pollut*

  17. Truncation Cat*

  18. Truncation Cat* Cat OR Cats

  19. Broad Types of Search Engines… • Two main types depending on the indexing method used: • Keyword indexing ex. Google • Controlled vocabulary or Thesaurus ex. Pubmed

  20. Google Tips… • Boolean AND by default • Insert OR • “phrase” • Star * is one word within a phrase “hospital * infection” • To ask Google to search Pubmed, at the end put site:nih.gov • To locate librarians’ guides, at the end put libguides

  21. PubMed http://www.pubmed.gov Indexes 5700 international journals, plus e-books; goes back to 1900 includes medicine, dentistry, nursing, public health… MeSH Tree Structure Cardiovascular Diseases Heart diseases Endocarditis Arrhythmias, cardiac atrial fibrillations bradycardia Myocardial ischemia Myocardial infarction Angina pectoris Vascular diseases Hypertension Cerebrovascular disorders stroke

  22. Other Free Reliable Resources Citing Medicine: NLM Style http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=citmed Drug Information http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov • http://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.html • Instructions to Authors http://mulford.utoledo.edu/instr/ ChemSpiderhttp://www.chemspider.com/

  23. Free Drug/Pharmacy Resources Medicines Learning Portal http://www.medicineslearningportal.org Clinical eCompanionhttp://ecompanion.pitt.edu NHS Specialist Pharmacy Services https://www.sps.nhs.uk/ PillBoxhttps://pillbox.nlm.nih.gov

  24. More Free Resources NLM image search engine http://openi.nlm.nih.gov POPLINEhttps://www.popline.org/ TOXNET https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ Global Index Medicushttp://www.globalhealthlibrary.net

  25. Reliable Consumer Resources MedlinePlushttp://www.medlineplus.gov HealthReachhttps://healthreach.nlm.nih.gov/ Arabic Sites http://www.healthinfotranslations.com/arabic.php

  26. Doing Proper Literature Review… Literature review is an overview summarizing previous research in one place, to build a picture of what's there. Different fields of study have different standards on whether a review is supposed to be more of a straightforward summary or to have a deep analysis/discussion. literature reviews: part of a bigger project: chapter in thesis, usually put after Introduction and before Methods section. stand-alone essay: assignment as part of a course, or a "review article" published in a scholarly journal.

  27. Purpose of Literature Review… • Purpose to provide easy access to research by selecting high quality studies that are relevant, important and valid; also it: • provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research; • ensures researchers do not duplicate work; • provides clues as to where future research is heading, recommends areas to focus on; • highlights key findings; • identifies gaps and contradictions; • provides constructive analysis of the methodologies of other researchers.

  28. Starting Literature Review… • Proper literature review starts with a literature search to see whathas been written about topic… • First identify resources, then develop search strategy: • Identify key-words, synonyms; • Identify scope of review;do you need everything written in English, or just the last ten years? • Think about general terms and specific terms. • Enter search into appropriate search tools. • Evaluate results to determine whether you need to broaden, narrow your research. 

  29. Structure of a Literature Review • Introduction: explains focus and establishes importance of subject. Discusses what kind of work has been done and identifies controversies or any recent research that has raised questions about earlier assumptions. • Body: divided by headings/subheadings, it summarizes and evaluates current state of knowledge. It notes most important trends and findings about which researchers agree/disagree. • Conclusion:summarizes all evidence and shows its significance. Highlights gaps and indicates how previous research leads to your own research project and chosen methodology.

  30. Steps of a Literature Review • Find a Working Topic • Search/Review the Literature • Focus Your Topic • Select Papers Accordingly • Read Selected Articles Thoroughly and Evaluate Them • Organize Papers By Looking For Patterns and By Developing Subtopics • Organize Paper Based on Findings • Write the Body • Look At What You Have Written; • Focus On Analysis, Not Description.

  31. Clinical Practice Pre-EBM Revolution…

  32. Clinical Practice Situation Archie Cochrane 1972: “healthcare not always based on evidence” IOM study 2003: 17 yrs. • New medical products disseminate into healthcare more because of power & money more than evidence [1981]. • 75% of practitioners were unaware of 2 high-profile NIH funded studies on conditions relevant to their practice [2009]. • Half US patients with diabetes, asthma, hypertension receive recommended care,[2003].

  33. Experts NOT always Correct! Beneficial effects of prenatal steroids given to mothers at risk of delivering prematurely was first reported in 1960s. By 1982, there were enough RCT supporting this beneficial effect, yet in mid 1980s an expert did a narrative review and warned against use of steroids. In 1989, a SR was done on all trials concluded it is beneficial to give steroids.

  34. Another Expert Example… Physicians traditionally recommended babies to sleep on stomach, thinking that sleeping on their backs causes SIDS; In 1980s, some physicians looked for the evidence for infants sleeping position, and found out that sleeping on their backs lead to dramatic decrease in deaths due to SIDS; Had someone asked that question 20 years earlier, thousands of babies lives could have been saved…

  35. Deterioration in Performance The level of diastolic blood pressure The patient’s age ??? The amount of target-organ damage

  36. Information is Needed for EBM

  37. Where to Look for Evidence?

  38. Free EBM Resources… EvidenceUpdatesregister from SML homepage… TripDatabasehttp://www.tripdatabase.com • Nursing+ http://plus.mcmaster.ca/np NICE Guidelines https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance • Campbell Collaborationhttp://www.campbellcollaboration.org • Choosing Wisely http://www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/

  39. Final Words on EBM… EBM builds on & reinforces but never replaces clinical judgment or experience… No matter how good the evidence is, evidence doesn’t make decisions. People do. But perhaps with the evidence in hand, some future decisions might be just a little more informed.

  40. Citation Analysis/Management Tools • Citation Management Tools (free): • Zoterohttps://www.zotero.org/ • Mendeley https://www.mendeley.com • Citation Analysis Tools: • Scopus • Web of Science • Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com

  41. Designing A Systematic Review • Involve an information specialist; • Do a comprehensive literature search including at least 3 databasesand grey literature; • Design high sensitive search strategy to run across all resources; • Use filter hedges for limiting ex. RCT… • Report searching details in a transparent way; • Identify inclusion/exclusion criteria; • Export records to citation management tool and remove duplicates; • Register protocol in PROSPERO.

  42. “A speech should be like a woman's skirt: long enough to cover the topic yet short enough to keep the interest” Winston Churchill That’s all for today’s ppt lesson. Thank you Any Questions?

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