Energy Organelles

1. Energy Organelles Conrad McLaren, IqraDhorajiwala, NajiBalonkita, Alex Bahadri

2. Animal Cell

3. Plant Cell

4. Mitochondria • Image • Sites of cellular respiration- metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels • Also involved in other cell processes such as cell division, growth, and death • Have their own DNA, ribosomes

5. Mitochondria Structure • Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins • Proteins are made by free ribosomes in the cytosol and ribosomes within the actual mitochondria • The outermost membrane is smooth while the inner membrane has many folds called cristae, which enhance the productivity of cellular respiration by increasing surface area.

6. Mitochondria Structure • The double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts: the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. • The intermembrane space is the narrow part between the two membranes • The mitochondrial matrix is in the innermost membrane. Several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes. Interaction

7. Mitochondria’s Interaction with Other Organelles • Helps break down products along with lysosomes • Help maintain membrane potential along with the cell membrane.

8. Chloroplasts • Image • Chloroplast contain chlorophyll, which is responsible for production of food. • Chlorophyll is responsible for absorbing sunlight to create sugar. When sunlight hits a chloroplast, the chlorophyll in it uses the energy and in combination with carbon dioxide and water forms sugar and oxygen. • Video

9. Chloroplast Structure • Bound by a two-layered membrane known as the chloroplast envelope, which contain pores to absorb sunlight • Thylakoids- flattened, interconnected sacs • Granum- each individual stack of thylakoids • Stroma- fluid outside the thylakoids, which contain the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes responsible for converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates during photosynthesis Interaction

10. Chloroplasts Interaction with other Organelles • Chloroplasts make the sugars and the Golgi apparatus packages them to carry out of the cell to other parts of the plant • Sugar is transported from chloroplast to phloem which goes from leaves to roots

11. Peroxisomes • Image • Found in both plant and animal cells. • Not part of the endomembranous system • Imports proteins primarily from the cytosol • Break down fatty acids to be transported to mitochondria as fuel • Detoxify harmful compounds • Glyoxysomes- specialized for plant seeds; contain enzymes that initiate conversion of fatty acids to sugars

12. Peroxisome Structure • Bounded by a single membrane, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins • They have the ability to assemble themselves. Peroxisomes have no DNA or ribosomes. Interaction

13. Peroxisome’s interaction with other Organelles • Transfer hydrogen to oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, which then becomes converted to water because of an enzyme which then gets transported to the cytoplasm • They must take in proteins from the cytosol, lipids in the ER, and lipids made in the cytosol

14. Mitochondria