Preparing Friday’s draft

1. Preparing Friday’s draft • Have you proofread the paper for • spelling? for example, it’s appropriate that its text uses its vs. it’s correctly, and that Athens’ democracy not become Athen’s democracy • typos? • grammar? – every sentence should be a complete sentence • citations? – every citation should be presented according to the handout • an accurate “Bibliography” page, that includes only works cited • Does the paper have • a thesis? does it offer a clear & thoughtful argument? what’s your thesis? • a coherent and logical organization, from beginning to end? • transitions between paragraphs, so that the paper flows well? • a conclusion that summarizes and doesn’t introduce new material?

2. Assessment of Kleisthenes’ Reforms: Creating Representative Governance What did he do, how did it change the Athenian polis,and what does this teach us about the Athenian demos? How do Ober’s and Samons’ positions shape your view of the development of Athenian democracy? What principles motivated Kleisthenes, or the Athenians, to take these steps?

3. Where was democracy practiced? Western side of the Athenian agora, looking north Bema (speaker’s platform) at the Pnyx, meeting place of the ekklesia (citizen’s assembly) Model of the statue group of the 10 eponymous heroeslocated on the western side of the Athenian agora

4. Persians Wars and the Defense of Democracy Darius I, 525-486

5. Democracy Under Attack: The Persians and the Peisistratids-in-exile • 506: Kleomenes attacks Athens – “This proved … how noble a thing freedom is” (Herodotus Histories 5.78). • 499-494: Ionian revolt from the Persian Empire – Dareios’ servant whispers, “Do not forget the Athenians” (Hdt. 6.94). • 490: Battle of Marathon – Hippias returns, saying “This land is not ours; we shall never be able to conquer it. The only part I ever had in it my tooth possesses” (Hdt. 6.107).

6. Democracy Under Attack: Ostracism • 488/7: Ostracism – “Now that the people [of Athens] were confident, they used for the first time the law about ostracism: this had been enacted through suspicion of men in powerful position, because Peisistratus … had made himself tyrant. The first man to be ostracized was one of his relatives, Hipparchus son of Charmus of Collytus” (Aristotle Athenian Constitution 22.3-4). • 483/2: “The Athenians continued for three years to ostracize the friends of the tyrants … but after that, they took to removing anyone else who seemed too powerful” (Arist. Ath. Const. 22.6).

7. Democracy Under Attack: Ostracism& How to Conduct an Ostracism Ostraka bearing the names of prominent Athenians, 5th century BCE Ostrakon bearing the names of Themist(h)okles son of Neokles

8. Democracy Under Attack: Silver Strike at Laureion – for the demos individually or collectively? • 483/2: “When the mines … were discovered … some men proposed that the money should be distributed to the people … but Themistocles prevented this … [and] he had a hundred triremes built …” (Arist. Ath. Const. 22.7). • Themistokles’ advice to the Athenians: “Lay hold of the sea” (JACT, The World of Athens [Cambridge and NY, 1986], p. 13). Athenian “owl” tetradrachmas, early 5th c. BCE Trireme Olympias on her maiden voyage in 1987

9. Democracy Under Attack: Thermopylae and the Delphic Oracle • 480: Monument to Leonidas and the Spartans after the Battle at Thermopylae: “Stranger, go tell the Spartans that we lie here / Obedient to their laws”(Hdt. 7.228). • 480: Delphic prophecy: “Though all else shall be taken within the bound of Cecrops … Yet Zeus the all-seeing-grants to Athena’s prayer that the wooden wall only shall not fall, but help you and your children”(Hdt. 6.141). Scene from F. Miller, 300 (1999) Athens ca. 480 BCE

10. Democracy Under Attack: Salamis and Plataia • 480: Battle of Salamis • 479: The Athenians respond to Mardonios’ offer to leave the coalition: “So long as the sun keeps his present course in the sky, we Athenians will never make peace with Xerxes” (JACT, The World of Athens, p. 16). • 479: The Athenians persuade Sparta to resist at Plataia: “Then there is our Greek heritage – the bond of blood and language, our holy altars and sacrifices, and our common way of life, which it would ill become Athens to betray … as long as a single Athenian survives there will be no terms with Xerxes” (Hdt. 8.144). Salamis (left), Saronic Gulf, Peiraeus (right) Serpent column commemorating the Greek victory at Plataia, now in Istanbul

11. Democracy Survives: Stoa of the Athenians at Delphi, 479 The Athenians dedicated the stoa, and the arm[s a]nd the ships’ prows which they took from the ene[mies].

12. For Friday: justice and the lawcourts • Read Aeschylus’ Eumenides (translated as “The Furies”), 458/7 BCE, the last of a trilogy of plays that examine the House of Atreus, Agamemnon, and his children • What does the play tell us about the role of the judiciary and of justice in Athenian life in the mid-5th century? What are the subtle messages in the play?