ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Behavior…anything an animal does in response to a stimulus

1. ANIMAL BEHAVIORBehavior…anything an animal does in response to a stimulus

2. INNATE BEHAVIOR • Inherited behavior • Instincts & reflexes • Behavior an animal is born with • EX: suckling; building nests, migrating, defending territory

3. Innate Behavior Taxis – animal moves toward or away from a stimulus Ex. Insect moving toward or away from light Positive light taxis

4. Innate Behavior REFLEX INSTINCT Something you are born knowing to do Building a nest suckling • Automatic response to a stimulus • Pulling your hand away from heat • Jumping at a loud noise

5. Innate Behavior • MIGRATION • Moving to new location periodically (find food, mating partners) • Based on seasons, rain

6. Innate Behavior HIBERNATION – dormant (sleep-like state) in winter Purpose????? Survive winters when there is little available food.

7. Innate Behavior ESTIVATION – dormancy during periods of extreme heat or drought Purpose??? conserve resources during extreme heat & droughtconditions EXAMPLES…frogs, bees, hedgehogs, reptiles, snails

8. Innate Behavior AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Animal intimidates another Bird calling, growling, showing teeth To defend food supply, territory, or young

9. Innate Behavior TERRITORIALITY • Defending an area from another organism • Physical space used by an organism for feeding, breeding, or raising young • Reduces conflicts, controls population growth, provides efficient use of resources

10. Innate Behavior • PHEROMONES: chemicals that communicate information in other animals • Ants, bees use them to communicate • Urine contains pheromones • Often used to mark territory

11. Humans mark their territory too!

12. Innate Behavior COURTSHIP • Rituals carried out to attract mates • Flashy dances, gestures, posturing, light signals • Specific to each species • Helps organisms find mates of their species

13. FIGHT OR FLIGHT • Response to a perceived attack, harm, or threat to survival. • Cats arch their backs at the smell of a rival; mice scurry at the scent of a fox

14. Social Behavior DOMINANCE HIERARCHY • “pecking order” • In social groups, there is a state of “seniority” • Alpha males/females

15. Social Behavior Communication in social insects using pheromones. COMMUNICATION is both INNATE & LEARNED

16. Learned Behavior • Acquired behavior • Behavior changes through practice • Trial & error • Allows for adaptation to change; therefore important in survival

17. Learned Behavior TRIAL & ERROR • Practice makes perfect • Learn to exhibit a behavior based on a reward

18. Learned Behavior HABITUATION an animal becomes accustomed to a stimulus through prolonged and regular exposure Ex: you don’t notice a clock chiming in your house, the refrigerator or heat/air coming on; but you do when you’re at someone else’s house!

19. Learned Behavior IMPRINTING • Learning based on early experience • Bonding shortly after birth • Once occurred, cannot be changed • Keeps young animals close to mother who protects and feeds them

20. Learned Behavior CONDITIONING • Learning by association • Dogs or cats come to their food bowl when they hear the can opener • Students change class when they hear bell