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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Characteristics: - high androgen levels

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Characteristics: - high androgen levels - irregular or no menstrual cycle - many small cysts in ovaries - insulin resistance (DM type 2) - acanthosis nigricans

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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Characteristics: - high androgen levels

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  1. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Characteristics: - high androgen levels - irregular or no menstrual cycle - many small cysts in ovaries - insulin resistance (DM type 2) - acanthosis nigricans PCOS is the most common hormonal reproductive problem in women of childbearing age.An estimated five to 10 percent of women of childbearing age have PCOS.

  2. LEPRECHAUNISM (Donohue's syndrome) rare, autosomal recessive, absence of Insulin receptors Metabolic characteristics insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, failure to thrive Physical characteristics: - no subcutaneous fat - growth retardation - acanthosis nigricans - hypertrichosis - “old man” or “elfin-like” facial characteristics -- prominent eyes, large low-set ears - microcephaly - genital hypertrophy RABSON-MENDENHALL - mutations result in 90+% reduction in functional insulin receptors.

  3. Acanthosis nigricans -velvety, light-brown-to-black discoloration, usually on the neck, under the arms or in the groin. - most often associated with insulin resistance and obesity

  4. Syndrome X, Metabolic syndrome. • ● criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome include the following (diagnosis is made when 3 or more are present): • - Waist circumference of more than 102 cm (40.2 in.) in men or more than 88 cm (34.6 in.) in women • - Fasting triglyceride (TG) level of 150 mg/dL or higher • - Blood pressure level of 130/85 mm Hg or higher • - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) • level of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less • than 50 mg/dL in women • - Fasting glucose level of 101-125 mg/dL

  5. PRE-DIABETES Fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).  Close to 40% of U.S. adults aged 40 to 74 years (about 41 million persons) have pre-diabetes. In the absence of any prevention measures, 5 - 10% of these will develop type 2 diabetes each year. Symptoms of pre-diabetes -- most people with pre-diabetes have no symptoms at all, some have mild Type 2 symptomology.

  6. Neonatal Diabetes -- onset of DM Type 1 before age of 6 months (about 1 in 1000 of all Type 1 diabetics). About 50% of these have a mutation that results in dysfunctional potassium channel.

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