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SAMI & SWEDEN

SAMI & SWEDEN. Emily Campbell, Eveliina Kinnunen and Dinush Wicks. Who are they ?. The indigenous people ( 80 000–135 000 ) of northern Europe inhabiting Lapland Traditional languages Pursued a variety of livelihoods, including fishing, fur trapping and reindeer herding. Early History.

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SAMI & SWEDEN

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  1. SAMI & SWEDEN Emily Campbell, Eveliina Kinnunen and Dinush Wicks

  2. Who are they? • The indigenous people (80 000–135 000)of northern Europe inhabiting Lapland • Traditional languages • Pursued a variety of livelihoods, including fishing, fur trapping and reindeer herding

  3. Early History • Arrived on the Fenno-Scandinavian peninsula about 10,000 B.C. • Adapted to the conditions • Sees and lakes: fishing • Forests and mountains: hunting and gathering • North: reindeers • Society was based on Siidas

  4. Between Three Countries • Pressure from competing tribes in the south -> moved to north • Every three countries made their claims • Taxation • Settlement • Borders were settled in mid 18th century

  5. From Lower Class to EthnicMinority • 19th century Saami were viewed to be at a lower social evolutionary level in • desire to lift the Saami from their poor circumstances by educating • Languages were prohibited, women sterilized • The war of Lapland -> areas destroyed • Social theories changed in 20th century • Laws were softened • Sami people began to assert them strongly • The first international Sami conference in 1917 • Flag and anthem

  6. The Sami today What is the current situation for the Sami people in Sweden?

  7. Lifestyle Today 10% Swedish Sami today earn a living from reindeer industry. Tourism also provides an income today Snow scooters/4WD have replaced movement by foot/skis Umeå and Uppsala Universities offer courses in Sami language

  8. Sami Parliament State agency Primary task of monitoring issues concerning the Sami culture in Sweden. Inaugurated 1993 (following Norway and Finland) Works for increased self-determination – issues that concern them – NOT wanting a new state. Preserve and develop culture parallel to the majority

  9. Discrimination? UN criticism 2008: CERD Report 2008: Ombudsman against ethnic discrimination (DO) investigated ethnic discrimination of the Sami. 2013: CERD Report ILO Convention 169: Rights of indigenous people “Ignoring indigenous demands for greater rights does not sit well with the Swedes self image” Peter Sköld – Centre for Sami Research Umeå

  10. Main issues today Threat of language extinction – especially bureaucratic use Resource privileges – reindeer allowance (300-500) Right to use land vs ownership Rights sometimes disregarded in Supreme Court Swedish landowners around Sami areas Environmental activists Chernobyl 1986 – 73,000 Reindeer Mining, logging, hydroelectric, communication networks, tourism. Lack of traditional employment – young Sami forced into modern working environment

  11. Mining Land exploitation National interest Beowulf Mining company Property rights – right to say no to mining Jokkmokk (pop 5000) – Kallak mine to produce 500 jobs

  12. Constitution

  13. Article 1 - Education • Article 1 – Education • Special educational classes shall be made available to all Sami, in particular to Sami children, to better educate the Sami about their language, culture and history. • This education will also be made available to Swedish people and be mandatory for Swedish children. • These programs will be designed primarily by Sami representatives with consultation from Swedish authorities. • In order to ensure the operation of these special education classes, the Swedish Government in collaboration with the Sami Parliament will ensure an adequate number of teacher fluent in Sami and versed in Sami culture will be made available to the Sami people.

  14. Article 2 – Land and Water Management • Article 2 – Land and Water Management • In areas traditionally used by the Sami for reindeer herding, hunting and fishing; the Sami will have the right to be involved in decision-making dealing with land and water management activities. • Their right is to be used in conjunction and consultation with local county administrative boards.

  15. Article 3 – Applications for Commercial Activities • Article 3 – Applications for Prospecting, Mining, Forestry and Wind Power Projects • In areas traditionally used by the Sami for reindeer herding, hunting and fishing; the Sami will have the right to be consulted before any applications, regarding this land, for prospecting, mining, forestry and wind powers projects are approved. • This consultation will lead to a decision made by the Sami Parliament which will then be communicated to the Swedish Parliament.

  16. Concluding Thoughts

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