Unit 12: Box notes

1. Unit 12: Box notes Week #16

2. Box # 1: Southeast Asia, Australia & Oceania, Antarctica Southeast Asia Oceania • Fragmented Water creates boundaries • Indian and Pacific Oceans & Many Seas • Most islands are found in archipelagos- long & irregular coastline. • Mainland is made up of 2 peninsulas. • Indochinese Peninsula: Old French colony • Malay Peninsula • Mountains run North and South and rivers run through them. • Mekong river flow from China to Vietnam coast. • Rivers produce very fertile deltas along coastlines. • Mountains on islands are of volcanic origin. • Fertile soil is abundant. • Oceania- New Zealand & Australia • Over 20,000 islands & changes everyday don’t know because constantly changes. • 3 regions: Micronesia (tiny islands), Melanesia (black islands) & Polynesia (many islands) • High islands- formed by volcanoes • Low islands- made of coral reefs. • Islands not rich in resources- hard for industry. • New Zealand- mountainous with rivers. • North Island- hill with volcanoes with fertile farm land and forests. • South Island- Mountainous with rivers flowing down.

3. Box # 1: Southeast Asia, Australia & Oceania, Antarctica Australia Antarctica • Coldest/Driest • “white desert” • 90% of world’s permanent ice is in Antarctica. • Ice sheet covers landscape • Transantarctic Mountains divide continent • East Antarctica- plateau surrounded by mountains and valleys • West Antarctica- group of separate islands linked by ice • Australia is smallest continent by land area. • Australia- Flat land • Outback- uninhabited inlandregion • Great Dividing Range- chain of highlands along eastern coast. • Great Barrier Reef- “World’s largest coral reef” along Northeastern coast.

4. Box #2: Human Geography Elements • SE Asia- Isolation of location, but not of culture; Cultural diffusion from around Asia blended with modernization • Khmer Empire- covers all of present-day Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, & South Vietnam • Communists that tried to take over & kill educated elite. • Cultural convergence (where cultures come together) • SE Asia: • Islam  Indonesia; Buddhism  Thailand; Catholic Vietnam. Hindusim also practiced. • Oceania • Christianity- result of colonialism, esp. on islands. • Differing views on benefits of modernization • Rural areas (agriculture) serve as important cultural element; Modernizing eroded away rural areas • Rapid industrialization/urbanization growth of shanty-towns • In Oceania- over 1,000 languages, English is most popular. TERMS Khmer Empire Penal Colony High Islands Low Islands Outback ASEAN

5. Box #3: Economic Issues • Importance of water access = TRADE need for port cities! Tourism is becoming bigger industry (unreliable) • SE Asia as a whole has reduced government controls on economic sectors to grow like other nations in Asia. (AKA. Less Communist, more Capitalist) • ASEAN (Association of Southeastern Asian Nations) Created in 1967 • Member countries: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore & Thailand • Three Pillars • 1. Political-Security Community • 2. Economic Community (Free Enterprise) • 3. Socio-Cultural Community • All regions were based on agricultural (primary economic activities) • Experiencing industrializationbecause of ASEAN. Singapore is center of finance. • Differing views on benefits of modernization • Rural areas (agriculture) serve as important cultural element; Modernizing eroded away rural areas • Rapid urbanization movement.

6. Box #4: Human Environment Interaction (HEI) • Destructive environmental fishing practices (bottom trawling, ghost fishing, cyanide and dynamite fishing) • Started in Philippines, but the greatest need is now Indonesia • Poison to living coral reefs (56% coral reefs in SE Asia at risk) • Growing market for aquarium fish in Europe & America. • Comes down to supply & demand free market economy. • Vietnamese rice paddies = modification of environment (post independence from France) • Rice is chief crop in SE Asia. • HEI Conflict: Kombai people of Papua New Guinea • Forest living for survival(hunter-gatherers); subsistence agriculture • Causing deforestation. • Simple living • Conflict with Indonesia who sees forest area as an economic resource (copper, gold, etc) TERMS Subsistence Agriculture Copra

7. Box #5: History • Southeast Asia History • China & India rule until 1500’s when European powers look to colonize- not for colonies but access to trade. • Changed SE Asia- set up bureaucratic governments, changed commodities & sparked nationalism united against Europe invaders and began implementation of self-rule. • “Take back Asia for Asians” • WWII Japan control ended. • 1960’s Vietnam War- Communist North v. Democratic South (back by US)- split at 17th parallel. • 1975- South Vietnam capital of Saigon falls to Communists and Vietnam peninsula reunited under Communist rule. • Oceania History • First people to journey from mainland using canoes (voyaging & outrigger) • 1800s: missionaries trying to convert to Christianity- caused island societies to decline because died of diseases • Europe & US start taking islands as possessions as refueling stations and naval bases. • Sites for fierce battles in WWII • Some islands used for nuclear test sitesfor atomic bombs. • 1962- 12 nations rule islands. TERMS Aboriginal Mandala Maori Treat of Waitangi Voyaging canoes Outrigger canoes

8. Box #5: History • Australia History • Penal colony: place to send prisoners. • Aboriginal people: 500 aboriginal groups (hunter gatherers) when Europeans arrived. • 1700s: New Zealand & Australia explored added as naval bases. • Conflict with aboriginal people created • Treaty of Waitangi (1840)- Gave Britain control over New Zealand (gold found in 1850s). • Until 1872- “land wars”over who controlled land Maoris died of diseases. • Several colonies existed in Australia combined into one single independent nation in 1901  Became Commonwealth of Australia. • Voted for President to replace British monarch with president in 1998. (left Commonwealth in 1999 & became a republic) • New Zealand independent in 1907. • Antarctica • Remains unsettled. • 1959- 12 countries drafted a treaty preserving the continent for research. • 2000- 18 countries had scientific research stations there. • 7 countries laid claims to territory (some not recognized) Penal colony Aboriginal people Commonwealth