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NUCLEOTIDES, NUCLEIC ACID, AND HEREDITY

Explore the fundamental concepts of nucleotides, nucleic acids, and their role in heredity. Learn about the structure, function, and significance of these biological molecules.

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NUCLEOTIDES, NUCLEIC ACID, AND HEREDITY

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  1. NUCLEOTIDES, NUCLEIC ACID, AND HEREDITY Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomer) of nucleic acids. Nucleic acid is a polymer composed of nucleotides Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical as well as biochemical, from generation to generation.

  2. SEJARAH PENEMUAN ASAM NUKLEAT 1879, Albrecht Kossel menemukanasamnukleat yang tersusunolehsuatugugusgula, gugusfosfat, dangugusbasa

  3. Structure of Cell

  4. Degradation of nucleic acid Nucleoprotein Nucleic acid Protein Nuclease Nucleotide Nucleotidase Phosphate Nucleoside Nucleosidase Base Ribose

  5. Nucleus (Inti sel) • Setiapselmakhlukhidupmempunyai nucleus (intisel) dimanadidalamnyaterdapatnucleoplasma • Nucleus berperandalam: • Menyimpaninformasigenetik • Duplikasi DNA • Transkripsi dalamsintesis protein

  6. Nucleic Acids (Asam nukleat) • Dalamtubuhsetiapmakhlukhidupmengandungasamnukleat. • Merupakanmakromolekul. • Bentuknyabisaberupa DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) dan RNA (ribonucleic acid). • Beberapaorganismeberseltunggalseperti virus tubuhnyahanyaterdiridari DNA atau RNA saja.

  7. Structure of nucleotides Know this! Below is the general structure of a nucleotide. The pentose sugar, the base, and the phosphate moieties all show variations among nucleotides.

  8. Pyrimidine and purine Nucleotide bases in nucleic acids are pyrimidines or purines. Know these!

  9. Major bases in nucleic acids Know these! • The bases are abbreviated by their first letters (A, G, C, T, U). • The purines (A, G) occur in both RNA and DNA • Among the pyrimidines, C occurs in both RNA and DNA, but • T occurs in DNA, and • U occurs in RNA

  10. 5 4 1 3 2 GULA RIBOSA • Gulapadaasamnukleatadalahribosa. • Ribosa (b-D-furanosa) adalahgulapentosa (jumlahkarbon 5). • Perhatikanpenomoran. • Dalampenulisandiberitandaprime(') untukmembedakanpenomoranpadabasa nitrogen

  11. PERHATIKAN • Ikatangularibosadenganbasa nitrogen (pada atom karbonnomor 1). • Ikatangularibosadengangugusfosfat (pada atom karbonnomor 5). • Gugushidroksilpada atom karbonnomor 2

  12. Structure of nucleotides Nucleotides have three characteristic components: A nitrogenous base (pyrimidines or purine) A phosphate group A pentose sugar

  13. Structure of nucleosides Remove the phosphate group, and you have a nucleoside. H

  14. Nucleotide nomenclature

  15. Phosphodiester linkages in the covalent backbone of DNA and RNA

  16. Some adenosine monophosphates

  17. The major deoxyribonucleotides

  18. The major ribonucleotides

  19. Schematic representation of the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids

  20. nucleoside nucleotides nucleic acids Nucleoside, nucleotides and nucleic acids The chemical linkage between monomer units in nucleic acids is a phosphodiester

  21. Ribonucleosides/RibonucleotidesTerminology(where sugar = ribose)

  22. DeoxyNucleosides/DeoxyNucleotidesTerminologywhere sugar = deoxyribose

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