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1. Contact and European Explorations 1450–1730 Spanish, French, and English land in the Americas seeking wealth. They try to establish colonies in North America with varying success. Hernando de Soto along the Mississippi River, 1541. NEXT

2. Contact and European Explorations 1450–1730 Spanish Explorations in North America SECTION 1 SECTION 2 French Explorations in North America Early English Colonies in North America SECTION 3 NEXT

3. Section 1 Spanish Explorations inNorth America Europeans, in their quest for better trade routes, land in the Americas. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Spanish Explorations inNorth America Why Exploration? Renaissance Spurs Trade • European Renaissance, 1300s to 1600, boosts interest in art, learning • Renaissance begins in Italy, changes learning, religion, trade • Trade mainly between Europe and Asia; use eastern land route • Merchants propose search for shorter, more profitable sea route NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Finding a Water Route to Asia An Accidental Discovery • Portuguese explorers try to sail around Africa to Asia • Vasco da Gama succeeds in 1497 • Christopher Columbus thinks he can sail west across Atlantic to Asia • Columbus finds Americas instead; Spain’s wealth, power increase Map NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Spanish Explorers in the New World Conquistadors • Conquistadors are conquerors, seek to take over existing cultures • Do not want to live peacefully with natives; win with better weapons • European diseases kill millions of Native Americans • Coronado, de Soto, Cabrillo expeditions each seek “cities of gold” • Gold never found, treasure stolen from natives, Spain grows richer • Other European nations begin exploring Americas Continued . . . NEXT

7. SECTION 1 continued Spanish Explorers in the New World Spanish Explorers in Florida • Juan Ponce de León on Columbus’s second voyage, stays in Caribbean • Brutally conquers natives in Puerto Rico, becomes governor • Explores Florida coasts, seeks “fountain of youth,” never finds it • Discovers Gulf Stream—powerful ocean currents • Gulf Stream flows north along eastern U.S., then east toward Europe • Spanish use Gulf Stream to speed journeys back to Spain NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Other Explorations in the Southeast Lucas Vásquez de Allyón • Vásquez de Allyón tries to set up Spanish settlement on east coast • First attempt in North Carolina; swamp, insects send him south • Establishes San Miguel Guadalupe settlement off Georgia coast - lasts less than year; Vásquez de Allyón and most settlers die - survivors leave for Hispaniola NEXT

9. SECTION 1 Hernando De Soto in Georgia De Soto’s Route Through Georgia • Hernando de Soto enters southwest corner of Georgia in 1540 • Native Americans provide food; de Soto goes northeast into Carolinas - first European expedition to cross Appalachian Mountains • May have reentered Georgia into Chiefdom of Coosa • Some historians disagree, believe de Soto went straight to Alabama Map NEXT

10. SECTION 1 De Soto’s Conflicts with Native Americans De Soto and the Coosa • De Soto cruel to Native Americans, captures Coosa chief • Southeastern native groups angered, try to destroy expedition • Massacre fails, 2,500–3,000 Native Americans killed in attempt • De Soto heads west but dies soon after, possibly from battle injuries Continued . . . NEXT

11. SECTION 1 continued De Soto’s Conflicts with Native Americans De Soto and the Coosa • Only 300 of de Soto’s men survive the expedition • Return to Spain penniless; no gold or riches found in Southeast • Natives suspicious of Europeans after de Soto - blame explorers for exposure to European diseases • Other Spanish explorers focus efforts in Mexico, South America NEXT

12. SECTION 1 A Spanish Colony St. Augustine • 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés tries to keep French out of Florida • Defeats French, builds St. Augustine fort not far from Georgia Spanish Missions in Georgia • Missions—small settlements built around church—along Atlantic coast • Purposes: convert natives to Christianity, keep French off coast • Guale mission district covers Outer Coastal Plain, barrier islands • Spanish control coast and southern Georgia for over 100 years NEXT

13. SECTION 1 Spanish Claims in the Americas Competition for Land • Spain controls much of Americas by 1700 • Most successful in South America, Central America, Mexico - Spain claims lands, fortunes of Aztec and Inca empires • Other Europeans interested in wealth of new lands NEXT

14. Section 2 French Explorations in North America The French try to establish colonies in what is now Georgia and nearby Florida, but are unsuccessful. NEXT

15. SECTION 2 French Explorations inNorth America Jean Ribault Early Settlers • France hopes to gain riches, freedom by peaceful colonization • SendsJean Ribaultin 1562 to establish colony on Atlantic coast - travels with Lieutenant René de Laudonnière, 150 settlers • Settlers are Huguenots—French Protestants wanting religious freedom • Huguenots hope to bring religion to North America Continued . . . NEXT

16. SECTION 2 continued Jean Ribault A Failed Attempt by Ribault • Ribault lands in Florida, goes north, builds fort in South Carolina • Ribault, de Laudonnière must return to France for supplies • French religious war prevents aid; Ribault asks England for help • Queen Elizabeth jails Ribault until 1565; colonists return to France NEXT

17. SECTION 2 René de Laudonnière Fort Caroline • René de Laudonnière, 304 Huguenots return to Florida, 1564 • Group builds Fort Caroline near present-day Jacksonville • De Laudonnière friendly with natives until supplies run out • Some colonists lose faith in leadership, turn to piracy • De Laudonnière, colony wait for France to help NEXT

18. SECTION 2 France Abandons the Southeast Conflict with Spain • Ribault released from prison, sent to rescue Fort Caroline • Spain’s King Phillip II angered by French in Florida territories - sends Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, warships to defeat colony • 500 men destroy Fort Caroline; Ribault killed - de Laudonnière wounded; escapes, writes history of event - France ends colonization of southeastern North America NEXT

19. SECTION 2 French Claims New France • English settle coast of North America; France explores interior • By late 1600s French claim Ohio, Mississippi valleys; Great Lakes • French Louisiana runs from Appalachians to Rockies • New France colony has 80,000 people by 1760 • French control most land in interior of North America NEXT

20. Section 3 Early English Colonies inNorth America The English have different plans for settlement that enable them to be successful in North America. NEXT

21. SECTION 3 Early English Colonies inNorth America Spain Loses Power Conflict between Spain and England • Catholic Spain, Protestant England clash over religion • Spain attempts to remove England’s Queen Elizabeth I • English navy defeats powerful Spanish Armada (1588) - England remains Protestant, Spain no longer major power • English challenges Spanish claims in North America NEXT

22. SECTION 3 Conditions in England Colonies a Solution • Poor conditions in England: cities overcrowded, food shortages • Colonization seen as solution to overcrowding, boost to economy • Colonies become market for English exports; provider of raw materials • England increases its trade, builds supply of gold • Transfer of wealth from colony to parent country called mercantilism • Economic theory based on geographer Richard Hakluyt’s ideas Chart NEXT

23. SECTION 3 England’s First Attempts The Roanoke Colonies • Sir Walter Raleigh funds colony on Roanoke Island, Virginia (1585) • Food supplies run out; survivors return to England the next year • Second try at Roanoke colony in 1587; John White named governor • White goes to England for supplies, returns in 1590; colonists gone • Few clues to their disappearance; historians have theories: - colonists may have joined nearby tribes, or relocated and died NEXT

24. SECTION 3 A Colony at Jamestown Financing a Colony • English learn that one person cannot finance entire colony • Joint-stock companies formed to raise money for projects - investors back company, receive stock shares, split profits or losses • Virginia Companies of London, Plymouth obtain charters in 1606 - charters—written contracts giving holder rights to set up colony Continued . . . NEXT

25. SECTION 3 continued A Colony at Jamestown A Difficult First Year • Virginia Company of London sets up Jamestown in 1607; 100 colonists • Climate, malaria, inefficiency take toll, 38 alive January, 1608 • John Smith has wall built around colony, trades food with Powhatans • Colony survives, 800 more colonists arrive in 1609 Image Continued . . . NEXT

26. SECTION 3 continued A Colony at Jamestown Tobacco Changes Jamestown • John Rolfe develops easy-growing tobacco; popular in England • Virginia Company offers 50 acres to those who can pay own passage • Indentured servants—sell labor to person who pays their passage - work for set number of years, then free to set up own farm or trade • First enslaved Africans brought to Jamestown in 1619 • Population of colony 2,000 by 1621 NEXT

27. SECTION 3 Other Early English Colonies Southern Colonies fight Spanish • Carolina founded 1663, Charles Town (later Charleston) in 1670 • Charles Town becomes Huguenot refuge in 1685 • English use trails through Georgia to raid Spanish forts in Florida • Spanish attack Charles Town but are defeated, retreat to Florida • Creek trade with English, fight tribes who side with Spain NEXT

28. SECTION 3 The Yamasee War Unfair Trade Causes War • France, Spain lose power, England dominates trade in colonies • English hold monopoly—control prices of all goods, supplies • Native Americans cheated; Yamasee tribe leads uprising (1715) • Other tribes join; traders killed; settlers flee to Charles Town • English regroup, push Yamasee to Florida; Creek retreat to Alabama NEXT

29. SECTION 3 Plans for a Georgia Colony Margravate of Azilia • English want Carolina plantations protected, fear Spanish in Florida • Need to colonize land between Spanish Florida, English Carolina • Scottish nobleman Sir Robert Montgomery proposes colony • 1717, Margravate of Azilia colony planned in present-day Georgia • Charter lost 3 years later; English wary of dangers of settling land Azilia Is Not Forgotten • By 1730, English government acts to create a new colony at Azilia NEXT

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