Seed-bearing Plants fall into two major categories

1. 0 Seed-bearing Plants fall into two major categories Angiosperms Gymnosperms

2. 0 Seed-bearing Vascular Plants fall into two major categories • Gymnosperms – seeds naked on surface of cone scale • Angiosperms – seeds enclosed in a ripened ovary and flowers are produced

3. GYMNOSPERM CHARACTERISTICS • From Greek words gymnos (naked) and sperma (seed) • Both Male and Female cones

4. Land Plants

5. 0 Bryophytes Pteridophytes

6. Angiosperms Gymnosperms Flowers and Fruits Seeds Pteridophyte Vascular Tissue Bryophytes

7. 0 Seed-bearing plants also produce pollen

8. Five Living Seed Plant Phyla • Cycadophyta • Ginkgophyta • Pinophyta or Coniferophyta • Gnetophyta • Anthophyta Gymnosperms Angiosperms

9. 0 Living Gymnosperm Phyla Conifers - Pinophyta or Coniferophyta Cycadophyta - Cycads Gnetophyta - Gnetophytes Ginkgophyta - Ginkgos

10. Conifers – the most conspicuous and common gymnosperms

11. Conifers About 70 genera with about 630 species

12. Conifers • Conifers are well represented in the fossil record Sequoia affinis

13. Conifers are of great ecological importance • Conifers are the dominant members of the vast Boreal forests (Taiga)

14. Conifers are of great ecological importance • Conifers are very important members of many types of ecosystems

16. Conifers are of great economic importance • Edible Seeds • Crates, Boxes, Matchsticks, Furniture • Telephone Poles • Turpentine and Rosin (Resin) • Fuel (Pitch) • Pulpwood • Ornamentals • Pharmaceuticals (Taxol)

17. There are Seven Living Families of Conifers Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family

18. Five of the Most Familiar Groups of Conifers Norfolk Island Pines Pines, Firs, Spruces Sequoias and Redwoods Junipers and Cedars Yews

19. The Largest, Tallest, and the Oldest Plants are Conifers.All found in California • Giant Sequoias of the California Sierras are the largest • Coastal Redwoods are the tallest • Bristlecone pines of the California White Mountains are the oldest

20. Pines - genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae • Most familiar of all conifers • About 90 species

21. Vegetative Characters of Pine

22. Extensive branching Christmas tree shape Very woody 0 Pine Stems

23. Needles produced in clusters (fascicles) of 1 to 5 0 Pine Leaves

24. 0 Pine – Reproductive Structures

25. Pines produce pollen and seedsin cones

26. 0 Pines are Monecious Individual plants produce both pollen cones and seed cones Seed Cone C

27. 0 Pines are Monecious Individual plants produce both pollen cones and seed cones Pollen Cone C

28. 0 Pollen cones produce pollen C

29. Pine Pollen • Wind pollination is facilitated by pollen morphology.

30. 0 Ovulate or Seed Cones Produce Seeds Young seed cone Cone scale C Mature seed cone

31. Conifer Seed reminder

32. Conifer Cones Yew (aril) Pine Giant Sequoia Juniper Bald Cypress

33. Conifer Leaves

34. Map of Living and Fossil Members of Taxodiaceae (Redwood Family)

35. Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Coastal Redwood Sequoia sempervirens

36. Cycadophytathe Cycads

37. 0 Cycads Appeared on Earth 250 MYA • Greatest abundance and diversity during the Jurassic • Declined sharply during the Cretaceous radiation of the angiosperms.

38. Cycad seeds are toxic to humans • Cyanobacteria in roots of cycads • Flying foxeseat neurotoxic cycad seeds • Humans eat the flying foxes • Humans get sick (neurological disorders)

39. 0 Cycads Australian Mexican African

40. 0 In Florida Only Cycad Native to the US Zamia integrifolia Cycads contain cycasin, a toxic secondary plant chemical. Cycads are toxic to humans, dogs and livestock. Cycasin is found in the atala butterfly and other organisms find it distasteful and avoid eating it. Host Plant for Atala Butterfly

41. 0 Gymnosperms Cycads Conifers Ginkgos

42. 0 Bryophytes Pteridophytes