The needs theory

1. The needs theory Group Members: Eva Chi Rose Locario Arlene Peck Beatricia Cus Indira Miralda Gabreala Aleman

2. Outline • Content Theory • Hierarchy of Needs • Herzberg’s two: factor theory • Self determination • Alderfer’s ERG • References

3. Content theory • Content theory explains why human needs change with time. • Content theory includes the work of David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists. • Content theories explain the specific factors that motivate people. They answer the question:“What drives behaviour? ”

4. According to research, most contemporary theories recognize that motivation begins with individual needs. • Needs are deficiencies that energize or trigger behaviours to satisfy those needs. • Unfulfilled needs create a tension that makes you want to find ways to reduce or satisfy those needs. • The stronger your needs, the more motivated you are to satisfy them.

5. Con’t • McClelland’s Theory of Needs • David McClelland proposed a context for understanding needs in people (children), which holds significance in understanding motivations and behaviours. It is subdivided into three categories: the Need for Achievement, the Need for Affiliation, and the Need for Power.

6. Hierarchy of Needs • Abraham Harold Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) • American professor of psychology who founded humanistic psychology and created Maslow's hierarchy of needs in 1943. • He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a bag of symptoms.

7. Humanistic theories of self-actualization. • Many psychologists have made impacts on society's understanding of the world. • Abraham Maslow was one of these; he brought a new face to the study of human behavior. • He called his new discipline, "Humanistic Psychology."

8. Hierarchy of needs

9. Herzberg's Two-factor Theory Frederick Herzberg's motivation and hygiene factors • Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000), clinical psychologist and pioneer of 'job enrichment', is regarded as one of the great original thinkers in management and motivational theory. • Frederick Herzberg was born in Massachusetts on April 18, 1923. He died at Salt Lake City, January 18, 2000.

10. Herzberg's main theory and its significance • The two factory theory are: motivation and hygiene. • According to Herzberg, Man has two sets of needs; one as an animal to avoid pain, and two as a human being to grow psychologically. • He illustrated this also through Biblical example: Adam after his expulsion from Eden having the need for food, warmth, shelter, safety, etc., - the 'hygiene' needs; and Abraham, capable and achieving great things through self-development - the 'motivational' needs. • Certain parallels can clearly be seen with Maslow.

11. Cont’d • Herzberg's ideas relate strongly to modern ethical management and social responsibility, and very directly to the Psychological Contract. • Herzberg's research proved that people will strive to achieve 'hygiene' needs because they are unhappy without them, but once satisfied the effect soon wears off - satisfaction is temporary.

14. Self Determination!! “Refers to the attitudes and abilities required to act as the primary causal agent in one’s life and to make choices regarding one’s actions free from undue external influence or interference”.

15. Self Determination • A person’s actions are self-determined. If the person acts alone. • Regulates his or her own behavior. • Initiates and responds to events in a manner. • Indicating psychological empowerment. • Behaves in a manner that is self-realizing.

16. Self Determination • That is, the person acts in ways that make positive use of knowledge and understanding about his or her own: • characteristics • Strengths • limitations.

17. Self Determination A self-determined person is one who sets : • Goals • Makes decisions • Sees options • Solves problems • Speaks up for himself or herself • Understands what supports are needed for success • Knows how to evaluate outcomes

18. Self Determination within the classroom!! • Self-determination gives students a voice regarding what they learn, how they learn, what they think and what they dream. Self-determined students are empowered to make a difference in their world.

19. Self Determination within the classroom!! • Students can learn to advocate for themselves through daily life activities. Training and experience in making choices and decisions can be supported in many ways, depending on the needs and skills of individuals. • The desired outcome of all of these activities is to honor individual lifestyle preferences and to support increased independence.

20. Within the classroom!! Self Determination. • Being self determent children to learn positively within classroom. • Encourages exploration and discovery within the classroom. • Allow for mistakes and natural consequences. • Promote Self Advocacy of students. • Facilitate Development of Self-Esteem within themselves. • learn how to make their goals , values and priorities.

21. ERG theory • Created by Clayton Paul Alderfer • Born on September 1, 1940 in Sellersville, Pennsylvania. • American psychologist who further expanded Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

22. ERG theory • Describes needs as a hierarchy • The letter ERG represents three levels of needs: Existence, Relatedness and Growth. • Alderfer proposed a regression theory to go along with the ERG theory.

23. ERG theory • He said that when needs in a higher category are not met then individuals redouble the efforts invested in a lower category need. • For example if self actualization or self esteem is not met then individuals will invest more effort in the relatedness category in the hopes of achieving the higher need.

24. Alderfer distinguishes three categories of human needs that influences individuals behaviors, existences, relatedness and growth.

25. After the original formulation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, studies had shown that the middle levels of Maslow's hierarchy overlaps. • Alderfer addressed this issue by reducing the number of levels to three.

26. Three categories {similarities} • Existence needs : physiological and safety needs { hunger, thirst and sex} first two levels of Maslow's hierarchy. • Relatedness needs: social and external esteem { involvement with family, friends, co-workers and employers} – Maslow's third and fourth level. • Growth needs : internal esteem and self actualization {desires to be creative, productive and to complete meaningful tasks} Maslow's fourth and fifth level}

27. Differences from Maslow's hierarchy • Beyond reducing the distinction between overlapping needs, ERG theory improves upon the following shortcomings of Maslow's needs hierarchy. • Alderfer ERG theory demonstrates that more than one need may motivate an individual at the same time. A lower motivator need not be substantially satisfied before one can move onto higher motivators.

28. Differences Con't • The ERG theory also accounts for differences in need preferences between cultures better than Maslow's Need Hierarchy; the order of needs can be different for different people. This flexibility accounts for a wider range of observed behaviors. For example, it can explain the "starving artist" who may place growth needs above those of existence.

29. Differences Con't • The ERG theory acknowledges that if a higher-order need is frustrated, an individual may regress to increase the satisfaction of a lower-order need which appears easier to satisfy. This is known as the frustration-regression principle.

30. Conclusion • Alderfer does not disagree with Maslow's hierarchy of needs completely. He suggests that as more concrete needs are satisfied, less concrete need become more important. Instead of the five deeds that Maslow believes should be satisfied, Alderfer says there are only three important needs whereas Maslow's theory argues that individuals move up the hierarchy as a result of the satisfaction of lower order needs.

31. References: • Harvard University http://www.harvard.edu/ • University of Minnesota www.umn.edu • Indiana University www.indiana.edu • , University of North Carolina, CharlotteSelf-Determination Synthesis Project Information about self-determination resources, including research references, curricula, Web links, and other materials. Includes links to many lesson plans. Web: http://www.uncc.edu/sdsp

32. Thank You!!! • Questions? • Comments?? • Concerns???