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Earth & Space Science Chapter 1

Earth & Space Science Chapter 1. The Nature of Science. Earth Science Specialties. Astronomy: objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere Meteorology: weather and climate Geology: materials that make up Earth/Earth history Oceanography: ocean currents and properties

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Earth & Space Science Chapter 1

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  1. Earth & Space ScienceChapter 1 The Nature of Science

  2. Earth Science Specialties • Astronomy: objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere • Meteorology: weather and climate • Geology: materials that make up Earth/Earth history • Oceanography: ocean currents and properties • Environmental Science: organisms and their surroundings

  3. Earth’s Interdependent Systems • Geosphere (geo = earth): earth’s surface to center • Hydrosphere(hydro = water): oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, groundwater • Atmosphere (atmos = vapor): air • Biosphere (bio = life): living organisms and their environments

  4. Structure of the Earth

  5. Scientific Method = Problem Solving

  6. Scientific Methods • There are different approaches to performing scientific investigations. • An experiment: organized procedure testing one variable at a time, other conditions are kept the same (controlled) • An investigation: sometimes variables can’t be controlled, but valuable data can still be observed and collected

  7. Measurement (Metric System!) • Mass (gram, g) • Weight (Newton, N) • What’s the difference between mass and weight? • Length (meter, m) • Temperature (Kelvin, K, or degree Celsius, ⁰C) • Volume (liter, L, or cubic meter, m3; 1 mL = 1 cm3) • Area (square meter, m2) • Time (second, s) • Density (grams per milliliter, g/mL)

  8. Metric prefixes you should know • Giga (109 or 1,000,000,000) • Mega (106 or 1,000,000) • Kilo (103 or 1,000) • Centi (10-2 or 1/100) • Milli (10-3 or 1/1000) • Micro (10-6 or 1/1,000,000)

  9. Scientific Notation practice • Express 0.00049386 in scientific notation: • 4.9386 x 10-4 • Express 6.33 x 108 as a number: • 633,000,000

  10. Dependent vs. Independent variables • In a controlled experiment, all conditions are held constant except for one: the independent variable. • A change in the dependent variable is caused by changes in the independent variable. • Line graphs are often used to show the relationship between these two variables

  11. Graphing variables

  12. Theories and Laws • A scientific law is a description of a specific phenomenon or rule of nature, often a mathematical relationship • A scientific theory is an explanation of many different observations • Theories do not “turn into” laws! • A law governs a single action, whereas a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena

  13. Scientific Theories and Laws Some important laws Some important theories Atomic theory Cell theory Germ Theory Theory of Plate Tectonics Theory of Evolution Big Bang Theory Theory of General Relativity • Newton’s Laws of Motion • Universal Law of Gravitation • Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion • Hubble’s Law of Cosmic Expansion • Laws of Thermodynamics

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