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Photosynthesis is a complex process where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy stored in sugars in plant cells. It occurs in chloroplasts, involving stages like light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle in the stroma. The process includes the absorption of sunlight, splitting of water, production of energy-carrying molecules, and building sugars from carbon dioxide. Follow the journey of energy conversion in plants in this detailed explanation.
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KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis converts light energy is captured and used to build sugars that store chemical energy.
granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
grana (thylakoids) chloroplast stroma Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. • Photosynthesis occurs in a series of stages in the chloroplasts. • grana (thylakoids)- photosystem II, photosystem I and the electron transport chain. • Stroma- Calvin Cycle
The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy. • The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.
Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. • 1.chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • energized electrons enter electron transport chain • 2.water molecules are split • oxygen is released as waste • 3.hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane
Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. • 4.chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight • 5.energized electrons are used to make NADPH • NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. • 6.hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane • 7.ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars. • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use • CO2 molecules enter the Calvin cycle
The light-independent reactions make sugars. • take place in stroma • needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere • use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions
A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. • 1.carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle • 2.energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged • 3.a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle
A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. 4.two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar • remaining molecules stay in the cycle