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Global Economy and Business MOBILITY AND MIGRATION

This course aims to provide an understanding of the international migration phenomenon and its impact on mobility and settlement patterns. Students will analyze statistical data and explore theories and measures of migration. The course includes written exams, student presentations, and a class project.

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Global Economy and Business MOBILITY AND MIGRATION

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  1. Global Economy and BusinessMOBILITY AND MIGRATION Prof.ssa Luisa Natale 2016/17 Monday and Tuesday, 15-17 http://www.docente.unicas.it/luisa_natale/ E-mailoli59@mclink.it

  2. India: Kolkata (ex Calcutta) about 16 million inhabitants – Source: National Geographic, gennaio 2011

  3. The aim of the course is to illustrate the international migration phenomenon. Students are provide by international statistical dataset to build measure of mobility and to observe foreign settlement patterns.

  4. Teaching and examination methods: • Written Exam • Presentation of students work • Class Project Textbook G. Caselli, J. Vallin, G. Wunch, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, A Treatise in Population Studies, Elsevier, 2006: Introduction to Section II, Chapter 58, Chapter 59, Chapter 122 and Chapter 123.

  5. Presentation of student work (1) To pass Mobility and migration as attending student it’s necessary to build a Presentation in team working (2/3 persons) of an article regarding migration The teacher will give to Students papers extracted by a reference text (i.e. C. Bonifazi, J. Schoorl & P. Simon (eds), International Migration in Europe New Trends and New Methods of Analysis) Students are required to send to the teacher the name of the components of each team before 17 January After 17 January students are not allowed to join to the List

  6. Presentation of students work (2) The first presentation will be on January 23.Every week one student work is planned The presentation will have to be sent by email to the teacher. The presentation will last 20 minutes. Students will have to use Power Point (or similar): maximum 20 slides.

  7. Structure of the presentation • Introduction • Reference context • Data e source • Methods • Results • Bibliography

  8. Lesson Every week a distinct aspect of migration with particular attention to the theoretical and empirical aspects will be take into account

  9. Contents 1. Definition 2. International migration, definition, concepts, sources 3. Theories and International migration 4. Measures 5. Class project 6. International migration: the case of Italy 7. Migratory movements in the World and in Europe

  10. MOBILITY AND MIGRATION DEFINITION “Migration is a fuzzy concept with many definitional problems”Willekens (1984)

  11. How to define mobility? How to define migration? What is the relation between mobility and migration?

  12. Question • In your opinion… What is the definition of migration ? What is the definition of mobility? Write a sentence

  13. What do we mean for territorial mobility? Any move from one place to another place, including temporarily, comprised moves between adjacent territories.

  14. Moves for sanitary reasons,Moves for city consumers

  15. MIGRATION

  16. Mobility includes migration, commuting, amenity migration, movement for sanitary reasons, for shopping or for city-consumer (disco, restaurant, etc)

  17. Commuting

  18. Mobility in short: every journey taken to reach a destination. The displacements under 5 minutes are excluded (by Istituto superiore di formazione e ricerca per i trasporti ISFORT)

  19. HOW TO DEFINE MIGRATION? It is not easy to define migration, we must consider a lot of dimensions. Migration is a multidimensional phenomenon, that it is not possible to identify and define through a single variable

  20. Why is difficult to define? • You must keep under control a lot of factors • You must keep the differences whit the others components of the population (births and deaths)

  21. The propensity to migrate depends on a very complex, often interacting set of individual and collective economic, politicalsocial, cultural, ecological, psychological, and others factors that vary in time and space

  22. While births and deaths can be defined biologically and marriages and divorces legally, migration is more difficult to define. Migration entails not only the crossing of international borders but also entails the intention of staying in the country or area of arrival.

  23. According to “Treccani, Italian Encyclopedic Dictionary” migration is every move, either permanently or temporarily, of groups of living beings (men or animals) from one territory to another, from one location to another, caused by various reasons, but mainly for necessities of life"

  24. It’s trivial to say that migration involves the movement of a person from a place of departure to a place of arrival, but the possible types of movement vary widely according to how the investigator defines the place of arrival and of departure, the length of absence from the place of departure, the duration of stay in the place of arrival and the reasons for the move. All of these characteristics interact with one another (G. Caselli, J. Vallin, G. Wunsch, 2005)

  25. Golini (2000) developed a typology to account for modern migration. To do so means referring to “criteria- distance, recurrence, duration, causes, and legality that are prevalent in the literature, but generally taken discretely, when they should be combined.

  26. According to the distance There is no minimun distance for migration, and any change of house, region, country, etc. is a geographic migration Example: in the International migration we consider the distance between the country of origin and the country of arrival. In this case the area of origin and the destinatin belong to different national territories.

  27. Geographic migration • Any change: • of house • of building • of neighborhood • of region • of country ( INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION )

  28. According to recurrence and duration • Two inseparable aspect, may also vary widely. • Short duration • Daily; recurrene • weekly, recurrence • seasonal migrations; recurrence; example • Long duration.

  29. According to duration • The recommendations of the United Nations (1998) contain the definition of international migrant: any person who changes his or her country of usual residence “short-term” (staying or intending to stay less than 12 months) “long-term” (staying or intending to stay at least 12 months).

  30. What for usual residence does mean? In the case of international migration: “the country in which a person lives, that is to say, the country in which he or she has a place to live where he or she normally spends the daily period of rest”. Note. Temporary travel abroad for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends and relatives, business, medical treatment or religious pilgrimage does not change a person's country of usual residence.

  31. Is migration an event “spot” or a process during the individual’s life ? We use an example to explain this concept: if you live for several months abroad you can stay there as a traveller, as a student or as a migrant. In this continuum you can observe a difference of kind and you can draw the line at the moment when student changes his/her usual residence and becomes migrant traveller ----------------- student -------------changeusual residence--------- migrant

  32. Births and deaths events not repeatable A birth, a person A death, a person Spot event Migration process repeatable A person : no migration, one migration, more migrations Period of time (months,years

  33. According to cause of the move The migrant is someone who undergoes: Displacements due to job search. Displacements due to the family changes. Displacements due to reasons of education Displacements due to a desire or need to live closer to the place of work Displacements due to the change of house Displacements due to catastrophes and others acts of nature Displacements due to war, repression, climate changes

  34. Migration is more or less controlled by law (refugees) A distinction may therefore be drawn between legal and illegal migration. According to the legality

  35. In Italy according to law of immigration, migrants can be distinguished between: A. Regular B. Undocumented foreign … … illegal foreign who entered and stay outside the rules. Illegal entry gives rise to a clandestine presenceConversely legal entry gives rise to a regular presence but the groups passing from one condition to another ... non regular who at the expiration of the permit remain in the country without renewing the authorization

  36. Schematic graph of the composition of the foreign population Regular whit residence permit Non regular (expiration of the residence permit) Naturalised Not update Illegal foreigners Resident enrolled in population register 39

  37. Foreigners in Italy according to the legalitySource, Blangiardo 2011 in Comitato per il Progetto Culturale della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana, Il Cambiamento demografico, 2011, page 75 Numbers in thousands

  38. Summary Three types of territorial mobility (Golini, 2000) Migratory mobility : any voluntary change of residence Pseudo migratory mobility: compelled by natural catastrophes and others acts of nature. Displacements due to war, repression Non migratory mobility: tourism, and other moves

  39. Migratory mobility Displacements due to job search.Displacements due to the family changes.Displacements due to reasons of education.Displacements due to a desire or need to live closer to the place of workDisplacements due to the changement of house

  40. Pseudo-migratory mobility • Displacements due to catastrophes and others acts of nature. • Displacements due to war, repression, climate changes, earthquakes

  41. Non -migratory mobility • Commuting due to work or study reasons • Amenity dispacements, more directed by sanitary reasons, more for shopping or for city-consumer (disco, restaurants, etc) • No change of usual residence

  42. This typology is only one classification among others advanced by other investigations • In the words of Daniel Courgeau (1988) “… the study of spatial mobility involves identifying the changes occurring over time in the relations an individual or social group and space” • A theoretical reference model needs to be constructed as a basis for analyzing and explaining migration and for identifying the singular or conjoint linkages between the migration process and its various factors

  43. The life space (espace vecu) all places where the individual carries out its activities

  44. The life space (espace vecu) Place of amenity (weekend) Place of residence Place of work

  45. The life space (espace vecu) Place of amenity (weekend) Place of residence Displacement Place of work Change of usual residence = migration (according Golini) No change of life space = no migration (according Courgeau)

  46. Problems • The life space is an interesting definition, but is difficult to applied to the real life • Hence the interest in developing other definitions based on different aspects of the mobility, discriminating between migration and displacements of different nature • it is a necessary step between conceptualization of the phenomenon and statistical practice

  47. Other classification International migration can be distinguished according to: • the direction of travel (in migrated into the country or out migrated from the country) • rule of identification to the country of destination

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